<div class="entry-content">
 <div class="jetpack-video-wrapper"><iframe
 class="youtube-player"
 src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/IuKfJN27w_g?version=3&rel=1&showsearch=0&showinfo=1&iv_load_policy=1&fs=1&hl=en&autohide=2&wmode=transparent"
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 style="border: 0px; display: block; margin: 0px; width: 740px; height: 416.418px;"
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 data-ratio="0.5627272727272727" data-width="1100" data-height="619"></iframe>
 </div>
 <div class="blog-content">
Measuring and burning PCB tracks. 
 </div>
 
 <div class="blog-content-links">
 <div>
 Links:
 </div>
 <ul class="links-list">
 <li class="links-list-item"><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-bogatin-368860/">Eric's Linked In</a></li>
 <li class="links-list-item"><a href="https://youtu.be/LQ20GBonRmA">PCB Simulation vs. Real Board - DC Currents and Voltage drop</a></li>
 <li class="links-list-item"><a href="https://fedevel.com/courses">FEDEVEL Online courses</a></li>
 </ul>
 </div> 
</div>

How Much Current Will Destroy a PCB Track? | Track resistance measurements

<div class="entry-content">
 <div class="jetpack-video-wrapper"><iframe
 class="youtube-player"
 src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/UpFd6ubqTLI?version=3&rel=1&showsearch=0&showinfo=1&iv_load_policy=1&fs=1&hl=en&autohide=2&wmode=transparent"
 allowfullscreen="true"
 style="border: 0px; display: block; margin: 0px; width: 740px; height: 416.418px;"
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 data-ratio="0.5627272727272727" data-width="1100" data-height="619"></iframe>
 </div>
 <div class="blog-content">
Op-amps explained: how they work and what are their important parameters. 
 </div>

 <div class="blog-content-chapters">
 <div>
 Chapters:
 </div>
 <ul class="chapters-list">
 <li class="chapters-list-item">00:00What is this video about</li>
 <li class="chapters-list-item">00:29Why to use operational amplifier</li>
 <li class="chapters-list-item">02:21Ideal op amp</li>
 <li class="chapters-list-item">07:00How inverting op amp works</li>
 <li class="chapters-list-item">12:13How non-inverting op amp works</li>
 <li class="chapters-list-item">13:25Op amp working as a buffer</li>
 <li class="chapters-list-item">15:42Op amp working as a current reference</li>
 <li class="chapters-list-item">20:09Input offset voltage</li>
 <li class="chapters-list-item">28:15Input offset voltage simulation</li>
 <li class="chapters-list-item">30:50Input offset voltage measurement</li>
 <li class="chapters-list-item">35:04Input bias current</li>
 <li class="chapters-list-item">37:20Input bias current measurement</li>
 <li class="chapters-list-item">41:00Op-amp Bandwidth</li>
 <li class="chapters-list-item">43:59Op-amp Bandwidth measurement</li>
 <li class="chapters-list-item">48:50Op-amp Bandwidth simulation</li>
 <li class="chapters-list-item">50:23Operational amplifier slew rate</li>
 <li class="chapters-list-item">51:28Slew rate simulation</li>
 <li class="chapters-list-item">53:07Slew rate measurement</li>
 <li class="chapters-list-item">55:48Slew rate impact to sinusoidal output</li>
 <li class="chapters-list-item">1:00:28Op amp noise</li>
 <li class="chapters-list-item">1:07:38Op amp noise measurement</li>
 <li class="chapters-list-item">1:10:57Op amp noise simulation</li>
 <li class="chapters-list-item">1:15:36Input and output voltage swing</li>
 <li class="chapters-list-item">1:16:45Common mode range</li>
 <li class="chapters-list-item">1:19:14Common mode range simulation</li>
 <li class="chapters-list-item">1:20:04Common mode range measurement</li>
 <li class="chapters-list-item">1:22:31Op amp output range</li>
 <li class="chapters-list-item">1:28:17Op-amp stability</li>
 <li class="chapters-list-item">1:29:59Op-amp stability simulation</li>
 <li class="chapters-list-item">1:32:20Op-amp stability measurement</li>
 <li class="chapters-list-item">1:38:51pH Electrometer solution - practical example</li>
 <li class="chapters-list-item">1:46:19Measuring pH</li>
 </div>
 
 <div class="blog-content-links">
 <div>
 Links:
 </div>
 <ul class="links-list">
 <li class="links-list-item"><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/arthur-kay-a5201929/">Arthur´s LinkedIn</a></li>
 <li class="links-list-item"><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/zach-olson-vt/">Zach´s LinkedIn</a></li>
 <li class="links-list-item"><a href="https://fedevel.com/courses">FEDEVEL Online courses</a></li>
 </ul>
 </div> 
</div>

Everything Important About OP AMP (Operational amplifier)

<div class="entry-content">
 <div class="jetpack-video-wrapper"><iframe
 class="youtube-player"
 src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/pdzQ-kgLbFw?version=3&rel=1&showsearch=0&showinfo=1&iv_load_policy=1&fs=1&hl=en&autohide=2&wmode=transparent"
 allowfullscreen="true"
 style="border: 0px; display: block; margin: 0px; width: 740px; height: 416.418px;"
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 data-ratio="0.5627272727272727" data-width="1100" data-height="619"></iframe>
 </div>
 <div class="blog-content">
This video includes explanation of battery charging and safety schematic circuits. 
 </div>
 

 <div class="blog-content-chapters">
 <div>
 Chapters:
 </div>
 <ul class="chapters-list">
 <li class="chapters-list-item">00:00What is this video about</li>
 <li class="chapters-list-item">01:33Types of cells and batteries</li>
 <li class="chapters-list-item">05:43CID and PTC battery protection</li>
 <li class="chapters-list-item">08:44Prismatic cells</li>
 <li class="chapters-list-item">10:37Pouch cells</li>
 <li class="chapters-list-item">16:02Lithium Ion (Li-Ion)</li>
 <li class="chapters-list-item">17:28Peak charge and nominal voltage, end of discharge voltage</li>
 <li class="chapters-list-item">20:30Thermal runaway</li>
 <li class="chapters-list-item">22:32Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO4)</li>
 <li class="chapters-list-item">26:15Nickel Metal Hydride (NIHM)</li>
 <li class="chapters-list-item">29:23How cells are connected together</li>
 <li class="chapters-list-item">32:31Battery testing standards</li>
 <li class="chapters-list-item">36:38Battery safety circuit - Safety features</li>
 <li class="chapters-list-item">44:28Battery safety schematic circuit explained</li>
 <li class="chapters-list-item">55:31Safety circuit integrated in batteries, shipping and transport</li>
 <li class="chapters-list-item">1:06:04Battery charging schematic circuit explained</li>
 <li class="chapters-list-item">1:21:01Battery charging schematic circuit example 2</li>
 <li class="chapters-list-item">1:27:23About Alex</li>
 </li>
 </ul>
 </div>

 <div class="blog-content-links">
 <div>
 Links:
 </div>
 <ul class="links-list">
 <li class="links-list-item"><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/alex-norman-eetengineer/">Alex´ LinkedIn</a></li>
 <li class="links-list-item"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/@eetengineer">Alex´s Youtube</a></li>
 <li class="links-list-item"><a href="https://fedevel.com/courses">FEDEVEL Online courses</a></li>
 </ul>
 </div> 
</div>

Powering Up Your Board From a Battery? You need to know this ...

<div class="entry-content">
 <div class="jetpack-video-wrapper"><iframe
 class="youtube-player"
 src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/bu4CWYFlOwg?version=3&rel=1&showsearch=0&showinfo=1&iv_load_policy=1&fs=1&hl=en&autohide=2&wmode=transparent"
 allowfullscreen="true"
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 data-ratio="0.5627272727272727" data-width="1100" data-height="619"></iframe>
 </div>
 <div class="blog-content">
 When designing boards, this is what you need to know about capacitors. Thank you very much Ron Demcko.
 </div>
 <div class="blog-content-chapters">
 <div>
 Chapters:
 </div>
 <ul class="chapters-list">
 <li class="chapters-list-item">00:00What is this video about</li>
 <li class="chapters-list-item">00:55DC and AC Bias</li>
 <li class="chapters-list-item">05:43Properties of different dielectrics</li>
 <li class="chapters-list-item">07:25Ceramic capacitor classes</li>
 <li class="chapters-list-item">12:33Aging and temperature instability</li>
 <li class="chapters-list-item">14:30Relationship between characteristics and voltage</li>
 <li class="chapters-list-item">17:05Ceramic capacitors flexing/breaking </li>
 <li class="chapters-list-item">20:30Flexiterm vs Standard</li>
 <li class="chapters-list-item">24:50What influences inductance</li>
 <li class="chapters-list-item">28:48Trends in ceramics</li>
 <li class="chapters-list-item">39:05Stacked capacitors</li>
 <li class="chapters-list-item">40:50Radial vs stacked capacitors </li>
 <li class="chapters-list-item">47:01Why use non-ceramic capacitors</li>
 <li class="chapters-list-item">48:11Film capacitors</li>
 <li class="chapters-list-item">55:38Thin film capacitors</li>
 <li class="chapters-list-item">1:00:20Super capacitors</li>
 <li class="chapters-list-item">1:13:16Tantalum capacitors</li>
 <li class="chapters-list-item">1:16:32When is low ESR important</li>
 <li class="chapters-list-item">1:20:49What capacitors to use when</li>
 </ul>
 </div>
 <div class="blog-content-links">
 <div>
 Links:
 </div>
 <ul class="links-list">
 <li class="links-list-item"><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/ron-demcko-4b0179245/">Ron's Linked In</a></li>
 <li class="links-list-item"><a href="https://www.kyocera-avx.com/">KYOCERA AVX</a></li>
 <li class="links-list-item"><a href="https://fedevel.com/courses">FEDEVEL courses</a></li>
 </ul>
 </div> 
</div>

Which Capacitors To Use ... X5R, Y5V, NPO, X7R ? Or Something Else?

<div class="entry-content">
 <div class="jetpack-video-wrapper">
 
 <iframe class="youtube-player"
 src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/kjAXjjHWX0E?version=3&rel=1&showsearch=0&showinfo=1&iv_load_policy=1&fs=1&hl=en&autohide=2&wmode=transparent"
 allowfullscreen="true"
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 </iframe>
 
 </div>
 <div class="blog-content">
 Explained: USB 2 vs. USB 3 vs. USB 4, about USB Power, USB-C and other connectors, USB speed and more. Thank you very much Jit Lim
 </div>
 <div class="blog-content-chapters">
 <div>
 Chapters:
 </div>
 <ul class="chapters-list">
 <li class="chapters-list-item">00:00What this video is about</li>
 <li class="chapters-list-item">01:52USB Connector vs. speed</li>
 <li class="chapters-list-item">02:52Connector types</li>
 <li class="chapters-list-item">06:09Is USB-C today's trend?</li>
 <li class="chapters-list-item">08:30Differences between USB 3.0, 3.1, 3.2</li>
 <li class="chapters-list-item">13:31Why is the highest transfer speed often not achieved?</li>
 <li class="chapters-list-item">18:17History of USB</li>
 <li class="chapters-list-item">19:31How did we go from 1.5Mb/s to 5 Gb/s?</li>
 <li class="chapters-list-item">21:58What is equalization?</li>
 <li class="chapters-list-item">27:47Simple functionality tests</li>
 <li class="chapters-list-item">31:37USB C pinout</li>
 <li class="chapters-list-item">39:44USB Alternate mode</li>
 <li class="chapters-list-item">41:23VCONN voltage</li>
 <li class="chapters-list-item">44:13Tunneling mode</li>
 <li class="chapters-list-item">46:47USB 4 connector and cable</li>
 <li class="chapters-list-item">48:28Power delivery ( USB PD )</li>
 <li class="chapters-list-item">51:23Frequently asked questions about USB</li>

 <li class="chapters-list-item">52:04Is Type C the same as USB-PD?</li>
 <li class="chapters-list-item">52:35Can Type C not implement PD?</li>
 <li class="chapters-list-item">54:35Must USB 3.2 implement Type-C?</li>
 <li class="chapters-list-item">55:17Does USB 3.2 require PD?</li>
 <li class="chapters-list-item">57:19Does USB-PD require Type-C</li>
 <li class="chapters-list-item">58:14Can USB 2.0 implement Type-C</li>
 <li class="chapters-list-item">1:01:12Is PD bidirectional?</li>
 <li class="chapters-list-item">1:04:12Must a charger implement Type-C?</li>
 <li class="chapters-list-item">1:04:45How do you tell if a product has PD implemented?</li>
 <li class="chapters-list-item">1:08:37Can USB 3.2 implement Type-C?</li>
 <li class="chapters-list-item">1:08:44Will PD compliance be mandatory?</li>

 <li class="chapters-list-item">1:10:14Type-C PD basic implementation</li>
 <li class="chapters-list-item">1:15:39USB-PD full feature implementation</li>
 <li class="chapters-list-item">1:25:30Computer and charger USB-PD negotiation</li>
 <li class="chapters-list-item">1:33:28USB4 Specification</li>
 <li class="chapters-list-item">1:35:52NRZ vs. PAM3</li>
 <li class="chapters-list-item">1:37:50How to validate USB interface</li>
 <li class="chapters-list-item">1:45:20How to run USB test patterns</li>
 <li class="chapters-list-item">1:48:18What do you need to test USB on your board?</li>
 <li class="chapters-list-item">1:50:35If you want to test receiver, do you need transmitter / generator?</li>
 </ul>
 </div>
 <div class="blog-content-links">
 <div>
 Links:
 </div>
 <ul class="links-list">
 <li class="links-list-item"><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/jit-lim-787660/">Jit's Linked In</a></li>
 <li class="links-list-item"><a href="https://keysig.ht/yhEjpH">Keysight USB-C PD system</a></li>
 <li class="links-list-item"><a href="https://fedevel.com/courses">FEDEVEL courses</a></li>
 </ul>
 </div>
</div>

Which USB Has The Best Power? Big differences ...

<div class="entry-content">
 <div class="jetpack-video-wrapper"><iframe
 class="youtube-player"
 src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/xEVntmYLARw?version=3&rel=1&showsearch=0&showinfo=1&iv_load_policy=1&fs=1&hl=en&autohide=2&wmode=transparent"
 allowfullscreen="true"
 style="border: 0px; display: block; margin: 0px; width: 740px; height: 416.418px;"
 sandbox="allow-scripts allow-same-origin allow-popups allow-presentation"
 data-ratio="0.5627272727272727" data-width="1100" data-height="619"></iframe>
 </div>
 <div class="blog-content">
 Basics and guidelines for PCB traces (tracks), including geometry/materials, sizing (power and signal), thermals, current-handling, controlled impedance, delay, and more.
 </div>
 <div class="blog-content-chapters">
 <div>
 Chapters:
 </div>
 <ul class="chapters-list">
 <li class="chapters-list-item">00:00Introduction</li>
 <li class="chapters-list-item">01:09Basics</li>
 <li class="chapters-list-item">03:51Geometry</li>
 <li class="chapters-list-item">07:07Geometry/Material Cost</li>
 <li class="chapters-list-item">07:49Resistance, Inductance, Capacitance</li>
 <li class="chapters-list-item">11:33Power Delivery</li>
 <li class="chapters-list-item">12:59IPC-2221 Calculator</li>
 <li class="chapters-list-item">14:09PDN Inductance</li>
 <li class="chapters-list-item">15:31Inductance Calculator</li>
 <li class="chapters-list-item">16:43Power Planes</li>
 <li class="chapters-list-item">17:09Differential Pairs</li>
 <li class="chapters-list-item">17:38Controlled Impedance</li>
 <li class="chapters-list-item">18:54Critical Length Calculator</li>
 <li class="chapters-list-item">20:05Contr. Imp. Configs & Further Resources</li>
 <li class="chapters-list-item">21:30Propagation Delays & Delay Matching</li>
 <li class="chapters-list-item">23:01Practical Guidelines</li>
 <li class="chapters-list-item">29:55Outro</li>
 </ul>
 </div>
 <div class="blog-content-links">
 <div>
 Links:
 </div>
 <ul class="links-list">
 <li class="links-list-item"><a href="https://www.4pcb.com/trace-width-calculator.html">IPC-2221 calculator</a></li>
 <li class="links-list-item"><a href="https://spok.ca/index.php/resources/tools/106-traceindcalc">Trace inductance calculator</a></li>
 <li class="links-list-item"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xwrdvhm4vgw&ab_channel=Phil%E2%80%99sLab">Differential pairs video</a></li>
 <li class="links-list-item"><a href="https://www.protoexpress.com/blog/controlled-impedance-really-matters/">Controlled impedance</a></li>
 <li class="links-list-item"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VtzPL8wQ8-E&ab_channel=Phil%E2%80%99sLab">PCB design for EMI/SI video</a></li>
 <li class="links-list-item"><a href="https://www.protoexpress.com/tools/bandwidth-rise-time-and-critical-length-calculator/">Critical length calculator</a></li>
 <li class="links-list-item"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0fteCxn5XXA&ab_channel=Phil%E2%80%99sLab">Kicad controlled impedance video</a></li>
 <li class="links-list-item"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p3w22veWMbk&ab_channel=AltiumAcademy">Stackup/controlled impedance video</a></li>
 
 <li class="links-list-item"><a href="https://fedevel.com/courses/advanced-digital-hardware-design">Advanced Digital Hardware Design course</a></li>
 <li class="links-list-item"><a href="https://fedevel.com/courses/mixed-signal-hardware-design-with-kicad">Mixed-signal Hardware Design course</a></li>
 <li class="links-list-item"><a href="https://fedevel.com/courses">FEDEVEL courses</a></li>
 </ul>
 </div> 
</div>

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How Much Current Will Destroy a PCB Track? | Track resistance measurements

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