<div class="entry-content">
    <div class="jetpack-video-wrapper"><span class="embed-youtube" style="text-align:center; display: block;"><iframe
                class="youtube-player"
                src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/IuKfJN27w_g?version=3&rel=1&showsearch=0&showinfo=1&iv_load_policy=1&fs=1&hl=en&autohide=2&wmode=transparent"
                allowfullscreen="true"
                style="border: 0px; display: block; margin: 0px; width: 740px; height: 416.418px;"
                sandbox="allow-scripts allow-same-origin allow-popups allow-presentation"
                data-ratio="0.5627272727272727" data-width="1100" data-height="619"></iframe></span>
    </div>
    <div class="blog-content">
Measuring and burning PCB tracks. 
    </div>
    
    <div class="blog-content-links">
        <div>
            Links:
        </div>
        <ul class="links-list">
            <li class="links-list-item"><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-bogatin-368860/">Eric's Linked In</a></li>
            <li class="links-list-item"><a href="https://youtu.be/LQ20GBonRmA">PCB Simulation vs. Real Board - DC Currents and Voltage drop</a></li>
            <li class="links-list-item"><a href="https://fedevel.com/courses">FEDEVEL Online courses</a></li>
        </ul>
    </div>  
</div>

How Much Current Will Destroy a PCB Track? | Track resistance measurements

<div class="entry-content">
    <div class="jetpack-video-wrapper"><span class="embed-youtube" style="text-align:center; display: block;"><iframe
                class="youtube-player"
                src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/UpFd6ubqTLI?version=3&rel=1&showsearch=0&showinfo=1&iv_load_policy=1&fs=1&hl=en&autohide=2&wmode=transparent"
                allowfullscreen="true"
                style="border: 0px; display: block; margin: 0px; width: 740px; height: 416.418px;"
                sandbox="allow-scripts allow-same-origin allow-popups allow-presentation"
                data-ratio="0.5627272727272727" data-width="1100" data-height="619"></iframe></span>
    </div>
    <div class="blog-content">
Op-amps explained: how they work and what are their important parameters. 
    </div>

  <div class="blog-content-chapters">
        <div>
            Chapters:
        </div>
        <ul class="chapters-list">
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">00:00</span><span class="chapters-text">What is this video about</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">00:29</span><span class="chapters-text">Why to use operational amplifier</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">02:21</span><span class="chapters-text">Ideal op amp</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">07:00</span><span class="chapters-text">How inverting op amp works</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">12:13</span><span class="chapters-text">How non-inverting op amp works</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">13:25</span><span class="chapters-text">Op amp working as a buffer</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">15:42</span><span class="chapters-text">Op amp working as a current reference</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">20:09</span><span class="chapters-text">Input offset voltage</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">28:15</span><span class="chapters-text">Input offset voltage simulation</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">30:50</span><span class="chapters-text">Input offset voltage measurement</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">35:04</span><span class="chapters-text">Input bias current</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">37:20</span><span class="chapters-text">Input bias current measurement</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">41:00</span><span class="chapters-text">Op-amp Bandwidth</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">43:59</span><span class="chapters-text">Op-amp Bandwidth measurement</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">48:50</span><span class="chapters-text">Op-amp Bandwidth simulation</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">50:23</span><span class="chapters-text">Operational amplifier slew rate</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">51:28</span><span class="chapters-text">Slew rate simulation</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">53:07</span><span class="chapters-text">Slew rate measurement</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">55:48</span><span class="chapters-text">Slew rate impact to sinusoidal output</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">1:00:28</span><span class="chapters-text">Op amp noise</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">1:07:38</span><span class="chapters-text">Op amp noise measurement</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">1:10:57</span><span class="chapters-text">Op amp noise simulation</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">1:15:36</span><span class="chapters-text">Input and output voltage swing</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">1:16:45</span><span class="chapters-text">Common mode range</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">1:19:14</span><span class="chapters-text">Common mode range simulation</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">1:20:04</span><span class="chapters-text">Common mode range measurement</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">1:22:31</span><span class="chapters-text">Op amp output range</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">1:28:17</span><span class="chapters-text">Op-amp stability</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">1:29:59</span><span class="chapters-text">Op-amp stability simulation</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">1:32:20</span><span class="chapters-text">Op-amp stability measurement</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">1:38:51</span><span class="chapters-text">pH Electrometer solution - practical example</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">1:46:19</span><span class="chapters-text">Measuring pH</span></li>
    </div>
    
    <div class="blog-content-links">
        <div>
            Links:
        </div>
        <ul class="links-list">
            <li class="links-list-item"><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/arthur-kay-a5201929/">Arthur´s LinkedIn</a></li>
            <li class="links-list-item"><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/zach-olson-vt/">Zach´s LinkedIn</a></li>
            <li class="links-list-item"><a href="https://fedevel.com/courses">FEDEVEL Online courses</a></li>
        </ul>
    </div>  
</div>

Everything Important About OP AMP (Operational amplifier)

<div class="entry-content">
    <div class="jetpack-video-wrapper"><span class="embed-youtube" style="text-align:center; display: block;"><iframe
                class="youtube-player"
                src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/pdzQ-kgLbFw?version=3&rel=1&showsearch=0&showinfo=1&iv_load_policy=1&fs=1&hl=en&autohide=2&wmode=transparent"
                allowfullscreen="true"
                style="border: 0px; display: block; margin: 0px; width: 740px; height: 416.418px;"
                sandbox="allow-scripts allow-same-origin allow-popups allow-presentation"
                data-ratio="0.5627272727272727" data-width="1100" data-height="619"></iframe></span>
    </div>
    <div class="blog-content">
This video includes explanation of battery charging and safety schematic circuits. 
    </div>
    

    <div class="blog-content-chapters">
        <div>
            Chapters:
        </div>
        <ul class="chapters-list">
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">00:00</span><span class="chapters-text">What is this video about</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">01:33</span><span class="chapters-text">Types of cells and batteries</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">05:43</span><span class="chapters-text">CID and PTC battery protection</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">08:44</span><span class="chapters-text">Prismatic cells</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">10:37</span><span class="chapters-text">Pouch cells</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">16:02</span><span class="chapters-text">Lithium Ion (Li-Ion)</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">17:28</span><span class="chapters-text">Peak charge and nominal voltage, end of discharge voltage</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">20:30</span><span class="chapters-text">Thermal runaway</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">22:32</span><span class="chapters-text">Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO4)</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">26:15</span><span class="chapters-text">Nickel Metal Hydride (NIHM)</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">29:23</span><span class="chapters-text">How cells are connected together</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">32:31</span><span class="chapters-text">Battery testing standards</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">36:38</span><span class="chapters-text">Battery safety circuit - Safety features</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">44:28</span><span class="chapters-text">Battery safety schematic circuit explained</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">55:31</span><span class="chapters-text">Safety circuit integrated in batteries, shipping and transport</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">1:06:04</span><span class="chapters-text">Battery charging schematic circuit explained</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">1:21:01</span><span class="chapters-text">Battery charging schematic circuit example 2</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">1:27:23</span><span class="chapters-text">About Alex</span></li>
            </span></li>
        </ul>
    </div>

    <div class="blog-content-links">
        <div>
            Links:
        </div>
        <ul class="links-list">
            <li class="links-list-item"><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/alex-norman-eetengineer/">Alex´ LinkedIn</a></li>
            <li class="links-list-item"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/@eetengineer">Alex´s Youtube</a></li>
            <li class="links-list-item"><a href="https://fedevel.com/courses">FEDEVEL Online courses</a></li>
        </ul>
    </div>  
</div>

Powering Up Your Board From a Battery? You need to know this ...

<div class="entry-content">
    <div class="blog-content">
        Have you been thinking about leaving some of the memory chips un-fitted on your board and you were not sure if it’s possible or how the layout should be done to support it? I have received this question for couple of times, so I try to share what we tested and what we do. <br><br>

        We have two boards supporting partial memory fit, one uses T-Branch and one uses Fly-by topology. The boards were extensively tested and they work oki. However, in your application you may want to consider more factors, including maximum memory frequency. We tested the layout with memory clock 553MHz (when all memory chips were fitted) and 400MHz (when only part of the memory chips were fitted). We couldn’t test higher frequencies as this is the maximum what our CPU supports. <br><br>

        We tested the boards in environmental chamber running between -40°C to 65°C / -40°F to 149°F and tested them running memory tests for weeks, no problems.
    </div>
    <div class="blog-content">
        <h2 class="blog-content-heading">Fly-by</h2>
        We used this on our <a href="http://www.imx6rex.com/open-rex/">OpenRex</a> project. You can download the complete Altium project and check by yourself how we did the schematic and layout. <a href="http://www.imx6rex.com/open-rex/">Download OpenRex files here</a> <br><br>

        <b>What memory chips are fitted?</b><br>
        We only fit the chips placed on the bottom data bus (D31-D0). The full data bus width is 64bits (four x16 memory chips), but in our 32bit configuration we only fit two x16 memory chips placed on memory data bus D31-D0. <br><br>

        <i>DDR3 Schematic: Shows the chips connected to the bottom data bus (D31-D0)</i>
    </div>
    <div class="blog-content-img-wrapper">
        <img src="https://assets.fedevel.com/blog/2019/10/90246-schematic-fly-by-d31-d0.jpg" alt="Schematic - Fly-by - D31-D0" />
    </div>
    <div class="blog-content-text">
        <b>Placement</b><br>
        We placed all the memory chips on one layer only (TOP side of PCB) and the two memory chips which are fitted (D31-D0) are at the end of the Fly-By (closest chips to the termination resistors, you can see the termination resistor at the end of the track). <br><br>

        <i>Fly-by ADDR/CMD/CTL</i>
    </div>
    <div class="blog-content-img-wrapper">
        <img src="https://assets.fedevel.com/blog/2019/10/c250c-pcb-fly-by-d31-d0.jpg" alt="PCB - Fly-by - D31-D0" />
    </div>    
    <div class="blog-content-text">
        <b>Layout</b><br>
        We tried to make the stubs on Address / Command / Control signals as short as possible. (Notice, the VIAs are placed close the the memory pads.) <br><br>

        <i>ADDR/CMD/CTL stubs (Top layer)</i>
    </div>
    <div class="blog-content-img-wrapper">
        <img src="https://assets.fedevel.com/blog/2019/10/6469f-pcb-fly-by-d31-d0-top-stubs.jpg" alt="PCB - Fly-by - D31-D0 - TOP stubs" />
    </div>  
    <div class="blog-content-text">
        <i>ADDR/CMD/CTL stubs (All layers)</i>
    </div>
    <div class="blog-content-img-wrapper">
        <img src="https://assets.fedevel.com/blog/2019/10/9bb4f-pcb-fly-by-d31-d0-stubs-all-layers.jpg" alt="PCB - Fly-by - D31-D0 - stubs - All layers" />
    </div>  

    <div class="blog-content">
        <h2 class="blog-content-heading">T-Branch</h2>
        We tested it on our <a href="http://www.imx6rex.com/imx6-tiny-rex/">TinyRex module</a><br><br>

        <b>What memory chips are fitted?</b><br>
        Again, we only fit the chips placed on the bottom data bus (D31-D0). The full data bus width is 64bits (four x16 memory chips), but in our 32bit configuration we only fit two x16 memory chips placed on memory data bus D31-D0. <br><br>

        <b>Placement</b><br>
        We placed the D31-D0 memory chips on the TOP and D32-D63 on the bottom side of PCB. When running on half of the memory, the TOP memory chips are fitted and the bottom memory chips are not fitted. <br><br>

        <b>Layout</b><br>
        If only the two memory chips on the TOP are fitted, there will be short stubs on the bottom, but we tested it and the boards are working oki. <br><br>

        <i>ADDR/CMD/CTL layout</i>
    </div>
    <div class="blog-content-img-wrapper">
        <img src="https://assets.fedevel.com/blog/2019/10/f947c-pcb-t-branch-addr.jpg" alt="PCB - T-Branch - ADDR" />
    </div>  
    <div class="blog-content-text">
        <i>Data D31-D0 (TOP layer)</i>
    </div>
    <div class="blog-content-img-wrapper">
        <img src="https://assets.fedevel.com/blog/2019/10/91a00-pcb-t-branch-d31-d0.jpg" alt="PCB - T-Branch - D31-D0" />
    </div>  
    <div class="blog-content-text">
        <i>Data D31-D0 (All layers)</i>
    </div>
    <div class="blog-content-img-wrapper">
        <img src="https://assets.fedevel.com/blog/2019/10/49b8c-pcb-t-branch-d31-d0-all-layers.jpg" alt="PCB - T-Branch - D31-D0 - All Layers" />
    </div>  

    <div class="blog-content-links">
        <div>
            Links:
        </div>
        <ul class="links-list">
            <li class="links-list-item"><a href="http://www.imx6rex.com/open-rex/">Download OpenRex files</a></li>
            <li class="links-list-item"><a href="https://fedevel.com/blog/altium-how-to-generate-3d-pdf-its-easy/">Altium – How to generate 3D PDF – It’s Easy</a></li>
            <li class="links-list-item"><a href="http://www.imx6rex.com/imx6-tiny-rex/">TinyRex module</a></li>
        </ul>
    </div>
</div>


DDR3 layout vs Memory chip fitting

<div class="entry-content">
    <div class="jetpack-video-wrapper"><span class="embed-youtube" style="text-align:center; display: block;"><iframe
                class="youtube-player"
                src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/SmL2gtZorJE?version=3&rel=0&showsearch=0&showinfo=1&iv_load_policy=1&fs=1&hl=en&autohide=2&wmode=transparent"
                allowfullscreen="true"
                style="border: 0px; display: block; margin: 0px; width: 740px; height: 416.418px;"
                sandbox="allow-scripts allow-same-origin allow-popups allow-presentation"
                data-ratio="0.5627272727272727" data-width="1100" data-height="619"></iframe></span>
    </div>
    <div class="blog-content">
        Sometimes you may want to insert drawings of your board into some documents (for example manual). The simple and nice way to do it, is to use your 3D PDF generated as described in <a href="https://fedevel.com/blog/altium-how-to-generate-3d-pdf-its-easy/">Altium – How to generate 3D PDF – It’s Easy</a>. <br><br>

        Try it by yourself. Download OpenRex 3D PDF. Open the file in Adobe Reader and play with it.<br><br>

        <i>Here are some examples how it will look when you change some settings in Adobe Reader.</i>
    </div>
    <div class="blog-content-img-wrapper">
        <img src="https://assets.fedevel.com/blog/2019/10/f56a0-3d-drawing-component-selected.jpg" alt="3d drawing component selected" />
    </div>
    <div class="blog-content-img-wrapper">
        <img src="https://assets.fedevel.com/blog/2019/10/d6b52-3d-boxed-drawing-component-selected.jpg" alt="3d boxed drawing component selected" />
    </div>
    <div class="blog-content-img-wrapper">
        <img src="https://assets.fedevel.com/blog/2019/10/5028a-3d-drawing-with-silkscreen-component-selected.jpg" alt="3d drawing with silkscreen component selected" />
    </div>
    <div class="blog-content-links">
        <div>
            Links:
        </div>
        <ul class="links-list">
            <li class="links-list-item"><a href="http://www.imx6rex.com/open-rex/">Download OpenRex 3D PDF</a></li>
            <li class="links-list-item"><a href="https://fedevel.com/blog/altium-how-to-generate-3d-pdf-its-easy/">Altium – How to generate 3D PDF – It’s Easy</a></li>
        </ul>
    </div>  
</div>


How to create: “Pencil like” Board Drawing with Highlighted Component (e.g. used in manuals)

<div class="entry-content">
    <div class="jetpack-video-wrapper"><span class="embed-youtube" style="text-align:center; display: block;"><iframe
                class="youtube-player"
                src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Tyo_yplwaN0?version=3&rel=0&showsearch=0&showinfo=1&iv_load_policy=1&fs=1&hl=en&autohide=2&wmode=transparent"
                allowfullscreen="true"
                style="border: 0px; display: block; margin: 0px; width: 740px; height: 416.418px;"
                sandbox="allow-scripts allow-same-origin allow-popups allow-presentation"
                data-ratio="0.5627272727272727" data-width="1100" data-height="619"></iframe></span>
    </div>

    <div class="blog-content">
        <h2 class="blog-content-heading">What will you learn?</h2>
        After this course, you will design your own Arduino like board. During this course, you will use <a href="https://www.arduino.cc/en/main/arduinoBoardUno">Arduino Uno</a> reference schematic, you will learn how to modify it, how to improve it and how to do PCB layout.<br><br>

        <h2 class="blog-content-heading">How will you learn?</h2>
        Based on step-by-step video you will be designing your own board. When you finish your board it will look like <a href="http://www.28pins.com/">28 Pins</a>.<br><br>

        <b>How to register for this online course?</b><br>
        <ul class="content-list">
            <li class="content-list-item"><span class="content-text"><a href="https://fedevel.com/">Step 1: Register &
                        Login at FEDEVEL website</a></span></li>
            <li class="content-list-item"><span class="content-text"><a href="https://fedevel.com/courses/learn-to-design-your-own-boards">Step 2: Select your course (you will need to be logged in)</a></span></li>
        </ul>
    </div>

    <div class="blog-content-links">
        <div>
            Links:
        </div>
        <ul class="links-list">
            <li class="links-list-item"><a href="https://www.arduino.cc/en/main/arduinoBoardUno">Arduino Uno</a></li>
            <li class="links-list-item"><a href="http://www.28pins.com/">28 Pins</a></li>
        </ul>
    </div> 
</div>

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How Much Current Will Destroy a PCB Track? | Track resistance measurements

Everything Important About OP AMP (Operational amplifier)

Powering Up Your Board From a Battery? You need to know this ...

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