<div class="entry-content">
    <div class="jetpack-video-wrapper"><span class="embed-youtube" style="text-align:center; display: block;"><iframe
                class="youtube-player"
                src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/IuKfJN27w_g?version=3&rel=1&showsearch=0&showinfo=1&iv_load_policy=1&fs=1&hl=en&autohide=2&wmode=transparent"
                allowfullscreen="true"
                style="border: 0px; display: block; margin: 0px; width: 740px; height: 416.418px;"
                sandbox="allow-scripts allow-same-origin allow-popups allow-presentation"
                data-ratio="0.5627272727272727" data-width="1100" data-height="619"></iframe></span>
    </div>
    <div class="blog-content">
Measuring and burning PCB tracks. 
    </div>
    
    <div class="blog-content-links">
        <div>
            Links:
        </div>
        <ul class="links-list">
            <li class="links-list-item"><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-bogatin-368860/">Eric's Linked In</a></li>
            <li class="links-list-item"><a href="https://youtu.be/LQ20GBonRmA">PCB Simulation vs. Real Board - DC Currents and Voltage drop</a></li>
            <li class="links-list-item"><a href="https://fedevel.com/courses">FEDEVEL Online courses</a></li>
        </ul>
    </div>  
</div>

How Much Current Will Destroy a PCB Track? | Track resistance measurements

<div class="entry-content">
    <div class="jetpack-video-wrapper"><span class="embed-youtube" style="text-align:center; display: block;"><iframe
                class="youtube-player"
                src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/UpFd6ubqTLI?version=3&rel=1&showsearch=0&showinfo=1&iv_load_policy=1&fs=1&hl=en&autohide=2&wmode=transparent"
                allowfullscreen="true"
                style="border: 0px; display: block; margin: 0px; width: 740px; height: 416.418px;"
                sandbox="allow-scripts allow-same-origin allow-popups allow-presentation"
                data-ratio="0.5627272727272727" data-width="1100" data-height="619"></iframe></span>
    </div>
    <div class="blog-content">
Op-amps explained: how they work and what are their important parameters. 
    </div>

  <div class="blog-content-chapters">
        <div>
            Chapters:
        </div>
        <ul class="chapters-list">
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">00:00</span><span class="chapters-text">What is this video about</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">00:29</span><span class="chapters-text">Why to use operational amplifier</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">02:21</span><span class="chapters-text">Ideal op amp</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">07:00</span><span class="chapters-text">How inverting op amp works</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">12:13</span><span class="chapters-text">How non-inverting op amp works</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">13:25</span><span class="chapters-text">Op amp working as a buffer</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">15:42</span><span class="chapters-text">Op amp working as a current reference</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">20:09</span><span class="chapters-text">Input offset voltage</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">28:15</span><span class="chapters-text">Input offset voltage simulation</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">30:50</span><span class="chapters-text">Input offset voltage measurement</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">35:04</span><span class="chapters-text">Input bias current</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">37:20</span><span class="chapters-text">Input bias current measurement</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">41:00</span><span class="chapters-text">Op-amp Bandwidth</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">43:59</span><span class="chapters-text">Op-amp Bandwidth measurement</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">48:50</span><span class="chapters-text">Op-amp Bandwidth simulation</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">50:23</span><span class="chapters-text">Operational amplifier slew rate</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">51:28</span><span class="chapters-text">Slew rate simulation</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">53:07</span><span class="chapters-text">Slew rate measurement</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">55:48</span><span class="chapters-text">Slew rate impact to sinusoidal output</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">1:00:28</span><span class="chapters-text">Op amp noise</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">1:07:38</span><span class="chapters-text">Op amp noise measurement</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">1:10:57</span><span class="chapters-text">Op amp noise simulation</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">1:15:36</span><span class="chapters-text">Input and output voltage swing</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">1:16:45</span><span class="chapters-text">Common mode range</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">1:19:14</span><span class="chapters-text">Common mode range simulation</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">1:20:04</span><span class="chapters-text">Common mode range measurement</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">1:22:31</span><span class="chapters-text">Op amp output range</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">1:28:17</span><span class="chapters-text">Op-amp stability</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">1:29:59</span><span class="chapters-text">Op-amp stability simulation</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">1:32:20</span><span class="chapters-text">Op-amp stability measurement</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">1:38:51</span><span class="chapters-text">pH Electrometer solution - practical example</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">1:46:19</span><span class="chapters-text">Measuring pH</span></li>
    </div>
    
    <div class="blog-content-links">
        <div>
            Links:
        </div>
        <ul class="links-list">
            <li class="links-list-item"><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/arthur-kay-a5201929/">Arthur´s LinkedIn</a></li>
            <li class="links-list-item"><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/zach-olson-vt/">Zach´s LinkedIn</a></li>
            <li class="links-list-item"><a href="https://fedevel.com/courses">FEDEVEL Online courses</a></li>
        </ul>
    </div>  
</div>

Everything Important About OP AMP (Operational amplifier)

<div class="entry-content">
    <div class="jetpack-video-wrapper"><span class="embed-youtube" style="text-align:center; display: block;"><iframe
                class="youtube-player"
                src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/pdzQ-kgLbFw?version=3&rel=1&showsearch=0&showinfo=1&iv_load_policy=1&fs=1&hl=en&autohide=2&wmode=transparent"
                allowfullscreen="true"
                style="border: 0px; display: block; margin: 0px; width: 740px; height: 416.418px;"
                sandbox="allow-scripts allow-same-origin allow-popups allow-presentation"
                data-ratio="0.5627272727272727" data-width="1100" data-height="619"></iframe></span>
    </div>
    <div class="blog-content">
This video includes explanation of battery charging and safety schematic circuits. 
    </div>
    

    <div class="blog-content-chapters">
        <div>
            Chapters:
        </div>
        <ul class="chapters-list">
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">00:00</span><span class="chapters-text">What is this video about</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">01:33</span><span class="chapters-text">Types of cells and batteries</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">05:43</span><span class="chapters-text">CID and PTC battery protection</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">08:44</span><span class="chapters-text">Prismatic cells</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">10:37</span><span class="chapters-text">Pouch cells</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">16:02</span><span class="chapters-text">Lithium Ion (Li-Ion)</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">17:28</span><span class="chapters-text">Peak charge and nominal voltage, end of discharge voltage</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">20:30</span><span class="chapters-text">Thermal runaway</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">22:32</span><span class="chapters-text">Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO4)</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">26:15</span><span class="chapters-text">Nickel Metal Hydride (NIHM)</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">29:23</span><span class="chapters-text">How cells are connected together</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">32:31</span><span class="chapters-text">Battery testing standards</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">36:38</span><span class="chapters-text">Battery safety circuit - Safety features</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">44:28</span><span class="chapters-text">Battery safety schematic circuit explained</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">55:31</span><span class="chapters-text">Safety circuit integrated in batteries, shipping and transport</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">1:06:04</span><span class="chapters-text">Battery charging schematic circuit explained</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">1:21:01</span><span class="chapters-text">Battery charging schematic circuit example 2</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">1:27:23</span><span class="chapters-text">About Alex</span></li>
            </span></li>
        </ul>
    </div>

    <div class="blog-content-links">
        <div>
            Links:
        </div>
        <ul class="links-list">
            <li class="links-list-item"><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/alex-norman-eetengineer/">Alex´ LinkedIn</a></li>
            <li class="links-list-item"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/@eetengineer">Alex´s Youtube</a></li>
            <li class="links-list-item"><a href="https://fedevel.com/courses">FEDEVEL Online courses</a></li>
        </ul>
    </div>  
</div>

Powering Up Your Board From a Battery? You need to know this ...

<div class="entry-content">
    <div class="blog-content">
        During PCB layout, you have to decide on clearance between traces. Here are 3 key factors you may need to consider:
    </div>
    <div class="blog-content">
        <h2 class="blog-content-heading">Manufacturing capabilities</h2>
        Check with your PCB manufacturer, what is the minimum gap they can actually manufacture. Many PCB manufacturers have it on their website, as an example check this <a href="http://www.sqpinternational.com/capabilities.php">SQP International</a>. Note: <i>Normally I do not use clearance smaller than 0.1mm (4mil)</i>.
    </div>
    <div class="blog-content">
        <h2 class="blog-content-heading">Signal requirements</h2>
        For critical signals, you may want to use a bigger clearance as is the minimum manufacturing gap. One of the main factors to consider is crosstalk (as you know, signals routed close to each other can influence each other). If you are not sure how big the gap should be, you can use a Crosstalk calculator e.g. download <a href="http://www.saturnpcb.com/pcb_toolkit.htm">Saturn PCB Toolkit</a> -> Crosstalk Calculator TAB. For critical signals you may be looking to achieve crosstalk coeficient -30dB or lower ( e.g -35dB, -40dB, …. see the Table in the next paragraph).<br><br>

        <i>Picture: Screenshot from Saturn PCB Toolkit -> Crosstalk Calculator TAB</i>
    </div>
    <div class="blog-content-img-wrapper">
        <img src="https://assets.fedevel.com/blog/2019/10/b796c-saturn-pcb-toolkit-crosstalk-calculator-tab.png" alt="Saturn PCB Toolkit - Crosstalk Calculator TAB" />
    </div>
    <div class="blog-content-text">
        The table below shows some examples of recommended spacing based on H, where H is dielectricum height between signal layer and reference plane (notice the crosstalk coeficient which in these examples is between -22dB to -35dB):<br><br>

        <i>Table: Examples of recommended spacing between tracks</i>
    </div>
    <div class="blog-content-img-wrapper">
        <img src="https://assets.fedevel.com/blog/2019/10/05482-examples-of-gap-between-tracks-in-pcb-design.png" alt="Examples of gap between tracks in PCB design" />
    </div>
    <div class="blog-content-text">
        Have a look also at <a href="https://fedevel.com/blog/high-speed-pcb-design-rules-lesson-4-of-advanced-pcb-layout/">High Speed PCB Design Rules (Lesson 4 of Advanced PCB Layout)</a> post – especially the <i>Rule 6: Be aware of tracks running in parallel.</i> That may help you.
    </div>
    <div class="blog-content">
        <h2 class="blog-content-heading">Electrical requirements</h2>
        If you are designing a board for higher voltage (e.g. 240V), the minimum gap can be calculated and has to follow some rules or meet some requirements. As a good starting point, you can use <a href="http://www.saturnpcb.com/pcb_toolkit.htm">Saturn PCB Toolkit</a> -> Conductor Spacing TAB. However, it may be more complicated. You may need to consider other factors, for example the environment where the board will be located and also read and study some regulations.<br><br>

        <i>Picture: Screenshot from Saturn PCB Toolkit -> Conductor Spacing TAB</i>
    </div>
    <div class="blog-content-img-wrapper">
        <img src="https://assets.fedevel.com/blog/2019/10/3db16-satrun-pcb-toolkit-conductor-spacing-tab.png" alt="Saturn PCB Toolkit - Conductor Spacing TAB" />
    </div>

    <div class="blog-content-links">
        <div>
            Links:
        </div>
        <ul class="links-list">
            <li class="links-list-item"><a href="http://www.sqpinternational.com/capabilities.php">SQP International</a></li>
            <li class="links-list-item"><a href="http://www.saturnpcb.com/pcb_toolkit.htm">Saturn PCB Toolkit</a></li>
            <li class="links-list-item"><a href="https://fedevel.com/blog/high-speed-pcb-design-rules-lesson-4-of-advanced-pcb-layout/">High Speed PCB Design Rules (Lesson 4 of Advanced PCB Layout)</a></li>
        </ul>
    </div>

How to decide on Minimum Gap / Clearance in PCB Layout

<div class="entry-content">
    <div class="jetpack-video-wrapper"><span class="embed-youtube" style="text-align:center; display: block;"><iframe
                class="youtube-player"
                src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/XorSXQhP42w?version=3&rel=1&showsearch=0&showinfo=1&iv_load_policy=1&fs=1&hl=en&autohide=2&wmode=transparent"
                allowfullscreen="true"
                style="border: 0px; display: block; margin: 0px; width: 740px; height: 416.418px;"
                sandbox="allow-scripts allow-same-origin allow-popups allow-presentation"
                data-ratio="0.5627272727272727" data-width="1100" data-height="619"></iframe></span>
    </div>
    <div class="blog-content">
        Have you ever wondered what does it mean when you read or hear about Object programming? What is the big deal about it? This video will help you to understand more.
    </div>
    <div class="blog-content-chapters">
        <div>
            Chapters:
        </div>
        <ul class="chapters-list">
            <li class="chapters-list-item">
                <span class="chapters-time">00:00</span><span class="chapters-text">Intro</span>
            </li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item">
                <span class="chapters-time">00:16</span><span class="chapters-text">Javascript</span>
            </li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item">
                <span class="chapters-time">00:59</span><span class="chapters-text">Canvas</span>
            </li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item">
                <span class="chapters-time">01:45</span><span class="chapters-text">Moving Objects</span>
            </li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item">
                <span class="chapters-time">02:37</span><span class="chapters-text">Moving Objects Up</span>
            </li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item">
                <span class="chapters-time">04:24</span><span class="chapters-text">Creating New Objects</span>
            </li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item">
                <span class="chapters-time">05:35</span><span class="chapters-text">Drawing Creatures</span>
            </li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item">
                <span class="chapters-time">06:43</span><span class="chapters-text">What if</span>
            </li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item">
                <span class="chapters-time">08:18</span><span class="chapters-text">Creature</span>
            </li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item">
                <span class="chapters-time">10:15</span><span class="chapters-text">Creature Up</span>
            </li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item">
                <span class="chapters-time">12:12</span><span class="chapters-text">Creatures</span>
            </li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item">
                <span class="chapters-time">14:22</span><span class="chapters-text">Parameter Functions</span>
            </li>
        </ul>
    </div> 
    <div class="blog-content-links">
        <div>
            Links:
        </div>
        <ul class="links-list">
            <li class="links-list-item"><a href="http://www.imx6rex.com/open-rex/">The final code from the video</a></li>
            <li class="links-list-item"><a href="http://www.w3schools.com/html/tryit.asp?filename=tryhtml_basic">To run the code, COPY & PASTE it into “TRY IT”</a></li>
        </ul>
    </div>  
</div>


Why & How we use Objects in Programming (Javascript Example)

<div class="entry-content">
    <div class="jetpack-video-wrapper"><span class="embed-youtube" style="text-align:center; display: block;"><iframe
                class="youtube-player"
                src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/6i4LeVzQqLk?version=3&rel=1&showsearch=0&showinfo=1&iv_load_policy=1&fs=1&hl=en&autohide=2&wmode=transparent"
                allowfullscreen="true"
                style="border: 0px; display: block; margin: 0px; width: 740px; height: 416.418px;"
                sandbox="allow-scripts allow-same-origin allow-popups allow-presentation"
                data-ratio="0.5627272727272727" data-width="1100" data-height="619"></iframe></span>
    </div>
    <div class="blog-content">
        If you would like to see how your PCB board would look in an enclosure or in a box, it’s very easy to do. This is a simple DesignSpark tutorial about creating a box around PCB.
    </div>
    <div class="blog-content-chapters">
        <div>
            Chapters:
        </div>
        <ul class="chapters-list">
            <li class="chapters-list-item">
                <span class="chapters-time">00:00</span><span class="chapters-text">Intro</span>
            </li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item">
                <span class="chapters-time">01:02</span><span class="chapters-text">Javascript</span>
            </li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item">
                <span class="chapters-time">01:56</span><span class="chapters-text">Canvas</span>
            </li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item">
                <span class="chapters-time">03:11</span><span class="chapters-text">Moving Objects</span>
            </li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item">
                <span class="chapters-time">04:15</span><span class="chapters-text">Moving Objects Up</span>
            </li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item">
                <span class="chapters-time">07:18</span><span class="chapters-text">Creating New Objects</span>
            </li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item">
                <span class="chapters-time">08:02</span><span class="chapters-text">Drawing Creatures</span>
            </li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item">
                <span class="chapters-time">14:49</span><span class="chapters-text">What if</span>
            </li>
        </ul>
    </div> 
    <div class="blog-content-links">
        <div>
            Links:
        </div>
        <ul class="links-list">
            <li class="links-list-item"><a href="http://www.fedevel.com/welldoneblog/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Our-BOX.pdf">3D PDF</a></li>
            <li class="links-list-item"><a href="http://www.imx6rex.com/rex-uploads/OpenRex_V1I1_PCB.step">3D PCB model</a></li>
            <li class="links-list-item"><a href="http://www.imx6rex.com/rex-uploads/Our_BOX.rsdoc">DesignSpark Project</a></li>
            <li class="links-list-item"><a href="http://www.rs-online.com/designspark/electronics/eng/page/mechanical">DesignSpark software</a></li>
        </ul>
    </div>  
</div>


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How Much Current Will Destroy a PCB Track? | Track resistance measurements

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Powering Up Your Board From a Battery? You need to know this ...

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