<div class="entry-content">
    <div class="jetpack-video-wrapper"><span class="embed-youtube" style="text-align:center; display: block;"><iframe
                class="youtube-player"
                src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/IuKfJN27w_g?version=3&rel=1&showsearch=0&showinfo=1&iv_load_policy=1&fs=1&hl=en&autohide=2&wmode=transparent"
                allowfullscreen="true"
                style="border: 0px; display: block; margin: 0px; width: 740px; height: 416.418px;"
                sandbox="allow-scripts allow-same-origin allow-popups allow-presentation"
                data-ratio="0.5627272727272727" data-width="1100" data-height="619"></iframe></span>
    </div>
    <div class="blog-content">
Measuring and burning PCB tracks. 
    </div>
    
    <div class="blog-content-links">
        <div>
            Links:
        </div>
        <ul class="links-list">
            <li class="links-list-item"><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-bogatin-368860/">Eric's Linked In</a></li>
            <li class="links-list-item"><a href="https://youtu.be/LQ20GBonRmA">PCB Simulation vs. Real Board - DC Currents and Voltage drop</a></li>
            <li class="links-list-item"><a href="https://fedevel.com/courses">FEDEVEL Online courses</a></li>
        </ul>
    </div>  
</div>

How Much Current Will Destroy a PCB Track? | Track resistance measurements

<div class="entry-content">
    <div class="jetpack-video-wrapper"><span class="embed-youtube" style="text-align:center; display: block;"><iframe
                class="youtube-player"
                src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/UpFd6ubqTLI?version=3&rel=1&showsearch=0&showinfo=1&iv_load_policy=1&fs=1&hl=en&autohide=2&wmode=transparent"
                allowfullscreen="true"
                style="border: 0px; display: block; margin: 0px; width: 740px; height: 416.418px;"
                sandbox="allow-scripts allow-same-origin allow-popups allow-presentation"
                data-ratio="0.5627272727272727" data-width="1100" data-height="619"></iframe></span>
    </div>
    <div class="blog-content">
Op-amps explained: how they work and what are their important parameters. 
    </div>

  <div class="blog-content-chapters">
        <div>
            Chapters:
        </div>
        <ul class="chapters-list">
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">00:00</span><span class="chapters-text">What is this video about</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">00:29</span><span class="chapters-text">Why to use operational amplifier</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">02:21</span><span class="chapters-text">Ideal op amp</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">07:00</span><span class="chapters-text">How inverting op amp works</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">12:13</span><span class="chapters-text">How non-inverting op amp works</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">13:25</span><span class="chapters-text">Op amp working as a buffer</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">15:42</span><span class="chapters-text">Op amp working as a current reference</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">20:09</span><span class="chapters-text">Input offset voltage</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">28:15</span><span class="chapters-text">Input offset voltage simulation</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">30:50</span><span class="chapters-text">Input offset voltage measurement</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">35:04</span><span class="chapters-text">Input bias current</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">37:20</span><span class="chapters-text">Input bias current measurement</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">41:00</span><span class="chapters-text">Op-amp Bandwidth</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">43:59</span><span class="chapters-text">Op-amp Bandwidth measurement</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">48:50</span><span class="chapters-text">Op-amp Bandwidth simulation</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">50:23</span><span class="chapters-text">Operational amplifier slew rate</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">51:28</span><span class="chapters-text">Slew rate simulation</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">53:07</span><span class="chapters-text">Slew rate measurement</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">55:48</span><span class="chapters-text">Slew rate impact to sinusoidal output</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">1:00:28</span><span class="chapters-text">Op amp noise</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">1:07:38</span><span class="chapters-text">Op amp noise measurement</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">1:10:57</span><span class="chapters-text">Op amp noise simulation</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">1:15:36</span><span class="chapters-text">Input and output voltage swing</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">1:16:45</span><span class="chapters-text">Common mode range</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">1:19:14</span><span class="chapters-text">Common mode range simulation</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">1:20:04</span><span class="chapters-text">Common mode range measurement</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">1:22:31</span><span class="chapters-text">Op amp output range</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">1:28:17</span><span class="chapters-text">Op-amp stability</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">1:29:59</span><span class="chapters-text">Op-amp stability simulation</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">1:32:20</span><span class="chapters-text">Op-amp stability measurement</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">1:38:51</span><span class="chapters-text">pH Electrometer solution - practical example</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">1:46:19</span><span class="chapters-text">Measuring pH</span></li>
    </div>
    
    <div class="blog-content-links">
        <div>
            Links:
        </div>
        <ul class="links-list">
            <li class="links-list-item"><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/arthur-kay-a5201929/">Arthur´s LinkedIn</a></li>
            <li class="links-list-item"><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/zach-olson-vt/">Zach´s LinkedIn</a></li>
            <li class="links-list-item"><a href="https://fedevel.com/courses">FEDEVEL Online courses</a></li>
        </ul>
    </div>  
</div>

Everything Important About OP AMP (Operational amplifier)

<div class="entry-content">
    <div class="jetpack-video-wrapper"><span class="embed-youtube" style="text-align:center; display: block;"><iframe
                class="youtube-player"
                src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/pdzQ-kgLbFw?version=3&rel=1&showsearch=0&showinfo=1&iv_load_policy=1&fs=1&hl=en&autohide=2&wmode=transparent"
                allowfullscreen="true"
                style="border: 0px; display: block; margin: 0px; width: 740px; height: 416.418px;"
                sandbox="allow-scripts allow-same-origin allow-popups allow-presentation"
                data-ratio="0.5627272727272727" data-width="1100" data-height="619"></iframe></span>
    </div>
    <div class="blog-content">
This video includes explanation of battery charging and safety schematic circuits. 
    </div>
    

    <div class="blog-content-chapters">
        <div>
            Chapters:
        </div>
        <ul class="chapters-list">
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">00:00</span><span class="chapters-text">What is this video about</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">01:33</span><span class="chapters-text">Types of cells and batteries</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">05:43</span><span class="chapters-text">CID and PTC battery protection</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">08:44</span><span class="chapters-text">Prismatic cells</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">10:37</span><span class="chapters-text">Pouch cells</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">16:02</span><span class="chapters-text">Lithium Ion (Li-Ion)</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">17:28</span><span class="chapters-text">Peak charge and nominal voltage, end of discharge voltage</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">20:30</span><span class="chapters-text">Thermal runaway</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">22:32</span><span class="chapters-text">Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO4)</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">26:15</span><span class="chapters-text">Nickel Metal Hydride (NIHM)</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">29:23</span><span class="chapters-text">How cells are connected together</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">32:31</span><span class="chapters-text">Battery testing standards</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">36:38</span><span class="chapters-text">Battery safety circuit - Safety features</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">44:28</span><span class="chapters-text">Battery safety schematic circuit explained</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">55:31</span><span class="chapters-text">Safety circuit integrated in batteries, shipping and transport</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">1:06:04</span><span class="chapters-text">Battery charging schematic circuit explained</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">1:21:01</span><span class="chapters-text">Battery charging schematic circuit example 2</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">1:27:23</span><span class="chapters-text">About Alex</span></li>
            </span></li>
        </ul>
    </div>

    <div class="blog-content-links">
        <div>
            Links:
        </div>
        <ul class="links-list">
            <li class="links-list-item"><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/alex-norman-eetengineer/">Alex´ LinkedIn</a></li>
            <li class="links-list-item"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/@eetengineer">Alex´s Youtube</a></li>
            <li class="links-list-item"><a href="https://fedevel.com/courses">FEDEVEL Online courses</a></li>
        </ul>
    </div>  
</div>

Powering Up Your Board From a Battery? You need to know this ...

<div class="entry-content">
    <div class="jetpack-video-wrapper"><span class="embed-youtube" style="text-align:center; display: block;"><iframe
                class="youtube-player"
                src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/qMUzLU636s8?version=3&rel=1&showsearch=0&showinfo=1&iv_load_policy=1&fs=1&hl=en&autohide=2&wmode=transparent"
                allowfullscreen="true"
                style="border: 0px; display: block; margin: 0px; width: 740px; height: 416.418px;"
                sandbox="allow-scripts allow-same-origin allow-popups allow-presentation"
                data-ratio="0.5627272727272727" data-width="1100" data-height="619"></iframe></span>
    </div>
    <div class="blog-content">
        Guide on how to connect, check, program, and debug your custom STM32-based hardware via SWD and the ST-Link debugger utilizing STM32CubeIDE.
    </div>
    <div class="blog-content-chapters">
        <div>
            Chapters:
        </div>
        <ul class="chapters-list">
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">00:00</span><span class="chapters-text">Introduction</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">00:28</span><span class="chapters-text">ST-Link</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">01:08</span><span class="chapters-text">Hardware Connections</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">02:11</span><span class="chapters-text">ST-Link Utility (Checking that we can connect to STM32 MCU)</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">03:37</span><span class="chapters-text">STM32CubeIDE (Programming and debugging software package)</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">05:22</span><span class="chapters-text">Enabling SWD</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">06:04</span><span class="chapters-text">Setting up an external high-speed crystal (HSE)</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">07:10</span><span class="chapters-text">Additional peripheral selection</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">08:50</span><span class="chapters-text">LED blinking test code</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">09:44</span><span class="chapters-text">Building code and checking for compiler errors</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">10:02</span><span class="chapters-text">Debug configuration, debugging, and flashing via ST-Link</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">11:26</span><span class="chapters-text">Running, pausing, and setting breakpoints</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">12:20</span><span class="chapters-text">Hardware running code</span></li>
        </ul>
    </div>
    <div class="blog-content-links">
        <div>
            Links:
        </div>
        <ul class="links-list">
            <li class="links-list-item"><a href="https://www.st.com/en/development-tools/st-link-v2.html">ST-Link/V2 Debugger</a></li>
            <li class="links-list-item"><a href="https://www.olimex.com/Products/ARM/JTAG/ARM-JTAG-20-10/">20-pin to 10-pin 1.27mm Adapter</a></li>
            <li class="links-list-item"><a href="https://www.st.com/en/development-tools/stm32cubeide.html">STM32CubeIDE</a></li>
            <li class="links-list-item"><a href="https://www.st.com/en/development-tools/stsw-link004.html">ST-Link Utility</a></li>

            <li class="links-list-item"><a href="https://fedevel.com/courses">FEDEVEL courses</a></li>
        </ul>
    </div>  
</div>

STM32 + SWD + ST-Link + CubeIDE | Debugging on Custom Hardware Tutorial - Phil's Lab #4

<div class="entry-content">
    <div class="jetpack-video-wrapper"><span class="embed-youtube" style="text-align:center; display: block;"><iframe
                class="youtube-player"
                src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/14_jh3nLSsU?version=3&rel=1&showsearch=0&showinfo=1&iv_load_policy=1&fs=1&hl=en&autohide=2&wmode=transparent"
                allowfullscreen="true"
                style="border: 0px; display: block; margin: 0px; width: 740px; height: 416.418px;"
                sandbox="allow-scripts allow-same-origin allow-popups allow-presentation"
                data-ratio="0.5627272727272727" data-width="1100" data-height="619"></iframe></span>
    </div>
    <div class="blog-content">
        Overview of STM32, RF, and USB hardware design, schematic creation, and PCB layout and routing in KiCad using a real-world example project.<br><br>

Various tips on controlled impedance routing, differential pairs, USB, and RF layout.

Correction in schematic: NRF24 IREF pin needs to be pulled low to GND via a 10k resistor (not to 3V3 as shown in the video!). Fix has been pushed to GitHub.
    </div>
    <div class="blog-content-chapters">
        <div>
            Chapters:
        </div>
        <ul class="chapters-list">
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">00:00</span><span class="chapters-text">System overview, component selection</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">03:15</span><span class="chapters-text">STM32 pin-out and peripheral selection</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">04:10</span><span class="chapters-text">Schematic sectioning</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">04:48</span><span class="chapters-text">Power supply (power via USB, filtering, USB decoupling caps)</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">06:45</span><span class="chapters-text">STM32 microcontroller (USB connections and terminations, SPI, LEDs, decoupling)</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">09:55</span><span class="chapters-text">SWD (Serial Wire Debug) connector</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">10:45</span><span class="chapters-text">USB connector and ESD protection</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">13:11</span><span class="chapters-text">NRF24 RF transceiver</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">14:40</span><span class="chapters-text">Extern crystal (load capacitor calculation)</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">15:57</span><span class="chapters-text">RF antenna matching circuit</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">17:31</span><span class="chapters-text">Component selection and sizing</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">19:24</span><span class="chapters-text">Rough layout and sectioning (USB, power, microcontroller, and RF)</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">20:37</span><span class="chapters-text">Component placement order (most 'critical' components first)</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">21:30</span><span class="chapters-text">USB ESD protection placement</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">21:42</span><span class="chapters-text">RF layout</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">22:16</span><span class="chapters-text">Determining board outline (size and rounded edges)</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">22:42</span><span class="chapters-text">Fine-tuning the layout</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">23:24</span><span class="chapters-text">Layer stack-up (4 layer board)</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">24:16</span><span class="chapters-text">Sectioning (USB, power, microcontroller, and RF), track widths, and clearance</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">25:17</span><span class="chapters-text">Power and ground via connections to copper pours</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">26:00</span><span class="chapters-text">Ground and power planes</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">26:43</span><span class="chapters-text">Power supply routing</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">27:26</span><span class="chapters-text">STM32 routing</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">28:15</span><span class="chapters-text">Crystal routing</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">29:40</span><span class="chapters-text">RF and USB routing (trace impedance, differential routing, ground pours)</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">36:53</span><span class="chapters-text">RF guard ring</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">38:45</span><span class="chapters-text">Clearance between traces</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">39:25</span><span class="chapters-text">Via-in-pad</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">40:05</span><span class="chapters-text">Labelling and logo</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">40:40</span><span class="chapters-text">Marking 'pin 1' locations</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">40:53</span><span class="chapters-text">Marking diode polarity</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">41:42</span><span class="chapters-text">Checking your work</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">42:00</span><span class="chapters-text">Gerber and drill file export</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">42:25</span><span class="chapters-text">Footprint positions file (for assembly)</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">42:49</span><span class="chapters-text">Bill of materials (BOM)</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">43:10</span><span class="chapters-text">Gerber file check (via GerbView)</span></li>
        </ul>
    </div>
    <div class="blog-content-links">
        <div>
            Links:
        </div>
        <ul class="links-list">
            <li class="links-list-item"><a href="https://github.com/pms67/STRF-Kicad">Github - Design files</a></li>

            <li class="links-list-item"><a href="https://fedevel.com/courses">FEDEVEL courses</a></li>
        </ul>
    </div>  
</div>

KiCad STM32 + RF + USB Hardware Design - Phil's Lab #5

<div class="entry-content">
    <div class="jetpack-video-wrapper"><span class="embed-youtube" style="text-align:center; display: block;"><iframe
                class="youtube-player"
                src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/HG-5Wr7zSX8?version=3&rel=1&showsearch=0&showinfo=1&iv_load_policy=1&fs=1&hl=en&autohide=2&wmode=transparent"
                allowfullscreen="true"
                style="border: 0px; display: block; margin: 0px; width: 740px; height: 416.418px;"
                sandbox="allow-scripts allow-same-origin allow-popups allow-presentation"
                data-ratio="0.5627272727272727" data-width="1100" data-height="619"></iframe></span>
    </div>
    <div class="blog-content">
        This video explains what you may want to be careful about when you are comparing footprint with a real component.
    </div>
</div>


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