<div class="entry-content">
    <div class="jetpack-video-wrapper"><span class="embed-youtube" style="text-align:center; display: block;"><iframe
                class="youtube-player"
                src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/IuKfJN27w_g?version=3&rel=1&showsearch=0&showinfo=1&iv_load_policy=1&fs=1&hl=en&autohide=2&wmode=transparent"
                allowfullscreen="true"
                style="border: 0px; display: block; margin: 0px; width: 740px; height: 416.418px;"
                sandbox="allow-scripts allow-same-origin allow-popups allow-presentation"
                data-ratio="0.5627272727272727" data-width="1100" data-height="619"></iframe></span>
    </div>
    <div class="blog-content">
Measuring and burning PCB tracks. 
    </div>
    
    <div class="blog-content-links">
        <div>
            Links:
        </div>
        <ul class="links-list">
            <li class="links-list-item"><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-bogatin-368860/">Eric's Linked In</a></li>
            <li class="links-list-item"><a href="https://youtu.be/LQ20GBonRmA">PCB Simulation vs. Real Board - DC Currents and Voltage drop</a></li>
            <li class="links-list-item"><a href="https://fedevel.com/courses">FEDEVEL Online courses</a></li>
        </ul>
    </div>  
</div>

How Much Current Will Destroy a PCB Track? | Track resistance measurements

<div class="entry-content">
    <div class="jetpack-video-wrapper"><span class="embed-youtube" style="text-align:center; display: block;"><iframe
                class="youtube-player"
                src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/UpFd6ubqTLI?version=3&rel=1&showsearch=0&showinfo=1&iv_load_policy=1&fs=1&hl=en&autohide=2&wmode=transparent"
                allowfullscreen="true"
                style="border: 0px; display: block; margin: 0px; width: 740px; height: 416.418px;"
                sandbox="allow-scripts allow-same-origin allow-popups allow-presentation"
                data-ratio="0.5627272727272727" data-width="1100" data-height="619"></iframe></span>
    </div>
    <div class="blog-content">
Op-amps explained: how they work and what are their important parameters. 
    </div>

  <div class="blog-content-chapters">
        <div>
            Chapters:
        </div>
        <ul class="chapters-list">
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">00:00</span><span class="chapters-text">What is this video about</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">00:29</span><span class="chapters-text">Why to use operational amplifier</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">02:21</span><span class="chapters-text">Ideal op amp</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">07:00</span><span class="chapters-text">How inverting op amp works</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">12:13</span><span class="chapters-text">How non-inverting op amp works</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">13:25</span><span class="chapters-text">Op amp working as a buffer</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">15:42</span><span class="chapters-text">Op amp working as a current reference</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">20:09</span><span class="chapters-text">Input offset voltage</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">28:15</span><span class="chapters-text">Input offset voltage simulation</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">30:50</span><span class="chapters-text">Input offset voltage measurement</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">35:04</span><span class="chapters-text">Input bias current</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">37:20</span><span class="chapters-text">Input bias current measurement</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">41:00</span><span class="chapters-text">Op-amp Bandwidth</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">43:59</span><span class="chapters-text">Op-amp Bandwidth measurement</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">48:50</span><span class="chapters-text">Op-amp Bandwidth simulation</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">50:23</span><span class="chapters-text">Operational amplifier slew rate</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">51:28</span><span class="chapters-text">Slew rate simulation</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">53:07</span><span class="chapters-text">Slew rate measurement</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">55:48</span><span class="chapters-text">Slew rate impact to sinusoidal output</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">1:00:28</span><span class="chapters-text">Op amp noise</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">1:07:38</span><span class="chapters-text">Op amp noise measurement</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">1:10:57</span><span class="chapters-text">Op amp noise simulation</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">1:15:36</span><span class="chapters-text">Input and output voltage swing</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">1:16:45</span><span class="chapters-text">Common mode range</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">1:19:14</span><span class="chapters-text">Common mode range simulation</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">1:20:04</span><span class="chapters-text">Common mode range measurement</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">1:22:31</span><span class="chapters-text">Op amp output range</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">1:28:17</span><span class="chapters-text">Op-amp stability</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">1:29:59</span><span class="chapters-text">Op-amp stability simulation</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">1:32:20</span><span class="chapters-text">Op-amp stability measurement</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">1:38:51</span><span class="chapters-text">pH Electrometer solution - practical example</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">1:46:19</span><span class="chapters-text">Measuring pH</span></li>
    </div>
    
    <div class="blog-content-links">
        <div>
            Links:
        </div>
        <ul class="links-list">
            <li class="links-list-item"><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/arthur-kay-a5201929/">Arthur´s LinkedIn</a></li>
            <li class="links-list-item"><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/zach-olson-vt/">Zach´s LinkedIn</a></li>
            <li class="links-list-item"><a href="https://fedevel.com/courses">FEDEVEL Online courses</a></li>
        </ul>
    </div>  
</div>

Everything Important About OP AMP (Operational amplifier)

<div class="entry-content">
    <div class="jetpack-video-wrapper"><span class="embed-youtube" style="text-align:center; display: block;"><iframe
                class="youtube-player"
                src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/pdzQ-kgLbFw?version=3&rel=1&showsearch=0&showinfo=1&iv_load_policy=1&fs=1&hl=en&autohide=2&wmode=transparent"
                allowfullscreen="true"
                style="border: 0px; display: block; margin: 0px; width: 740px; height: 416.418px;"
                sandbox="allow-scripts allow-same-origin allow-popups allow-presentation"
                data-ratio="0.5627272727272727" data-width="1100" data-height="619"></iframe></span>
    </div>
    <div class="blog-content">
This video includes explanation of battery charging and safety schematic circuits. 
    </div>
    

    <div class="blog-content-chapters">
        <div>
            Chapters:
        </div>
        <ul class="chapters-list">
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">00:00</span><span class="chapters-text">What is this video about</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">01:33</span><span class="chapters-text">Types of cells and batteries</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">05:43</span><span class="chapters-text">CID and PTC battery protection</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">08:44</span><span class="chapters-text">Prismatic cells</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">10:37</span><span class="chapters-text">Pouch cells</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">16:02</span><span class="chapters-text">Lithium Ion (Li-Ion)</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">17:28</span><span class="chapters-text">Peak charge and nominal voltage, end of discharge voltage</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">20:30</span><span class="chapters-text">Thermal runaway</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">22:32</span><span class="chapters-text">Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO4)</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">26:15</span><span class="chapters-text">Nickel Metal Hydride (NIHM)</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">29:23</span><span class="chapters-text">How cells are connected together</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">32:31</span><span class="chapters-text">Battery testing standards</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">36:38</span><span class="chapters-text">Battery safety circuit - Safety features</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">44:28</span><span class="chapters-text">Battery safety schematic circuit explained</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">55:31</span><span class="chapters-text">Safety circuit integrated in batteries, shipping and transport</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">1:06:04</span><span class="chapters-text">Battery charging schematic circuit explained</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">1:21:01</span><span class="chapters-text">Battery charging schematic circuit example 2</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">1:27:23</span><span class="chapters-text">About Alex</span></li>
            </span></li>
        </ul>
    </div>

    <div class="blog-content-links">
        <div>
            Links:
        </div>
        <ul class="links-list">
            <li class="links-list-item"><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/alex-norman-eetengineer/">Alex´ LinkedIn</a></li>
            <li class="links-list-item"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/@eetengineer">Alex´s Youtube</a></li>
            <li class="links-list-item"><a href="https://fedevel.com/courses">FEDEVEL Online courses</a></li>
        </ul>
    </div>  
</div>

Powering Up Your Board From a Battery? You need to know this ...

<div class="entry-content">
    <div class="jetpack-video-wrapper"><span class="embed-youtube" style="text-align:center; display: block;"><iframe
                class="youtube-player"
                src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/jpk-hfsFaqA?version=3&rel=0&showsearch=0&showinfo=1&iv_load_policy=1&fs=1&hl=en&autohide=2&wmode=transparent"
                allowfullscreen="true"
                style="border: 0px; display: block; margin: 0px; width: 740px; height: 416.418px;"
                sandbox="allow-scripts allow-same-origin allow-popups allow-presentation"
                data-ratio="0.5627272727272727" data-width="1100" data-height="619"></iframe></span>
    </div>
    <div class="blog-content">
        This video explains how to setup xSignals and do length matching in Fly-by & T-Branch DDR3 memory layout. It also shows how to setup xSignals with passive components (e.g. series termination resistors or AC coupling capacitors) + adds some comments on how xSignals calculates the length and what is useful about them.
    </div>
    <div class="blog-content-chapters">
        <div>
            Chapters:
        </div>
        <ul class="chapters-list">
            <li class="chapters-list-item">
                <span class="chapters-time">00:50</span><span class="chapters-text">Lenght Matching Rules</span>
            </li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item">
                <span class="chapters-time">24:01</span><span class="chapters-text">How To Create the X Signal Class</span>
            </li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item">
                <span class="chapters-time">33:18</span><span class="chapters-text">Design Rules</span>
            </li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item">
                <span class="chapters-time">34:33</span><span class="chapters-text">Interactive Length Tuning</span>
            </li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item">
                <span class="chapters-time">35:11</span><span class="chapters-text">Interactive Line Tuning</span>
            </li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item">
                <span class="chapters-time">41:22</span><span class="chapters-text">Standard Length</span>
            </li>
        </ul>
    </div> 
    <div class="blog-content-links">
        <div>
            Links:
        </div>
        <ul class="links-list">
            <li class="links-list-item"><a href="http://www.imx6rex.com/open-rex/">Download OpenRex</a></li>
            <li class="links-list-item"><a href="http://www.imx6rex.com/">iMX6Rex Altium projects</a></li>
        </ul>
    </div>   
</div>


Altium – How to use xSignals ( in Fly-By, T-Branch + Other useful things )

<div class="entry-content">
    <div class="blog-content">
        I have received following questions on our <a href="http://www.fedevel.com/designhelp/">FEDEVEL forum</a>:<br>
        <i>What are typical track width you use for signal and for power ?<br>
        What are typical clearance you use for track ?<br>
        What are typical via size you use for normal via and for micro via ?</i><br><br>

        It’s not so simple to answer, so I decided to make a post about it. Here we go …. 
    </div>


    <div class="blog-content">
        <h2 class="blog-content-heading">You may want to use two kind of PCBs</h2>
        <b>Track / Clearance</b><br>
        – Normally I start routing the digital signals with: 0.1mm / 0.1mm (4mil / 4mil) track width / clearance. When the layout is completely finished I decrease the track width to achieve 50OHM impedance (your PCB stackup has to be designed the way, that 50OHM tracks have 0.1mm width or less). This means, by the end of design I select all 0.1mm tracks (all the signals which should be routed by 50 OHM impedance) and I will make the tracks thinner e.g. I change the track with to 0.075mm / 3mil. This way, also clearance will increase a little bit.<br><br>

        <b>Power Tracks</b><br>
        – Initially I set a rule for all power tracks to be at least 0.11mm (in our designs we set a rule for all the signals starting with “+” and for the “GND”). This is to be sure, there are no power tracks with 0.1mm (4mil) width (if there were, these tracks would be made thinner by the end of the design, see the previous point, and we do not really want to do that). To create high current connections, calculate the minimum track width (e.g. use <a href="https://www.saturnpcb.com/pcb_toolkit.htm">Saturn PCB toolkit</a>) to determine the minimum required track width for the maximum current flowing through the track. For standard power connections (e.g. decoupling capacitors) I usually use 0.2 or 0.3mm track width or I use the same track width as the pad is.<br><br>

        <b>Power Polygons</b><br>
        – Don’t forget, even for polygons you need to calculate the maximum allowed current in the thinnest place of the polygon. For clearance between polygons we often use a bigger gap e.g. 0.2mm (8mil)<br><br>

        <b>Power VIAs</b><br>
        In some designs we use bigger VIAs for powers, but most of the time we use multiple standard VIAs (see below)<br><br>

        <b>Standard VIAs</b><br>
        – VIA and Buried VIA size / drill: 0.45mm / 0.2mm (18mil / 8mil)<br>
        – uVIA size / drill: 0.27mm / 0.1mm (11mil / 4mil)<br><br>

        <b>Important!</b> The parameters above depends on your PCB stackup. For example, to be able to use 0.1 drill for uVIAs, you may need to keep dielectricum thickness up to 0.1mm. If you like, you may want to have a loook at some of our stackups here: <a href="https://fedevel.com/blog/download-pcb-stackups-free-for-your-projects/">Download PCB Stackups – Free for your Projects</a>
    </div>

    
    <div class="blog-content">
        <h2 class="blog-content-heading">PCB2 – The cost effective one</h2>
        <b>Track</b><br>
        – Track width and Clearance depends on PCB manufacturer. Usually, these cheap PCB manufacturers have limits for minimum track around 0.15mm (6mil), but you may want to route your board by 0.2mm (8mils). Once you decide on track width, you need to design your stackup the way, that your selected track width will be 50OHM (so you need to choose material with proper dielectricum Er and dielectricum thickness).<br><br>

        <b>Clearance</b><br>
        – You may want to keep your minimum clearance at least as wide is the minimum track width. If it’s not possible and you need to use smaller clearance, go down to 0.1mm (4mils), but only in the critical places. Don’t forget to double check with your PCB manufacturer if they will be able to manufacture it.<br><br>

        <b>Power Polygons</b><br>
        – The same as for PCB Type 1, don’t forget to calculate the maximum allowed current in the thinnest place of the polygon and you may want to use a bigger gap between polygons (e.g. set the minimum clearance between polygons to 0.2mm (8mils))<br><br>

        <b>Power VIAs</b><br>
        In some designs we use bigger VIAs for powers, but most of the time we use multiple standard VIAs (see below)<br><br>

        <b>Standard VIAs</b><br>
        – VIA size / drill: 0.45mm / 0.2mm (18mil / 8mil)<br><br>

        If you are still not sure, have a look at our open source projects. You can download complete Altium files of <a href="http://www.imx6rex.com/">iMX6 Rex module</a> (a design with uVIAs and Buried VIAs) or OpenRex (a design with through hole VIAs only). Then, just open the files and measure everything you need 🙂
    </div>


    <div class="blog-content-links">
        <div>
            Links:
        </div>
        <ul class="links-list">
            <li class="links-list-item"><a href="http://www.fedevel.com/designhelp/">FEDEVEL forum</a></li>
            <li class="links-list-item"><a href="https://www.saturnpcb.com/pcb_toolkit.htm">Saturn PCB toolkit</a></li>
            <li class="links-list-item"><a href="https://fedevel.com/blog/download-pcb-stackups-free-for-your-projects/">Download PCB Stackups – Free for your Projects</a></li>

            <li class="links-list-item"><a href="http://www.imx6rex.com/">iMX6 Rex module</a></li>
            <li class="links-list-item"><a href="http://www.imx6rex.com/open-rex/">OpenRex</a></li>
        </ul>
    </div>

</div>

PCB Layout – Typical Track & VIA geometry

<div class="entry-content">
    <div class="jetpack-video-wrapper"><span class="embed-youtube" style="text-align:center; display: block;"><iframe
                class="youtube-player"
                src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/po0C5CqseVE?version=3&rel=0&showsearch=0&showinfo=1&iv_load_policy=1&fs=1&hl=en&autohide=2&wmode=transparent"
                allowfullscreen="true"
                style="border: 0px; display: block; margin: 0px; width: 740px; height: 416.418px;"
                sandbox="allow-scripts allow-same-origin allow-popups allow-presentation"
                data-ratio="0.5627272727272727" data-width="1100" data-height="619"></iframe></span>
    </div>
    <div class="blog-content">
        It takes just 15 hours to completely design your own customized <a href="https://docs.arduino.cc/hardware/uno-rev3">Arduino</a>.<br><br>

        This is Lesson 7 of <a href="https://fedevel.com/courses/learn-to-design-your-own-boards">Learn to Design Your Own Boards</a> Online Course. The course is step-by-step video which shows the complete Schematic Design & PCB Layout of <a href="https://docs.arduino.cc/hardware/uno-rev3">Arduino</a> like board.
    </div>
    <div class="blog-content-links">
        <div>
            Links:
        </div>
        <ul class="links-list">
            <li class="links-list-item"><a href="https://docs.arduino.cc/hardware/uno-rev3">Arduino</a></li>
            <li class="links-list-item"><a href="https://fedevel.com/courses/learn-to-design-your-own-boards">Learn to Design Your Own Boards</a></li>
        </ul>
    </div>   
</div>


| KNOWLEDGE BASE

A rich source of expert knowledge

Doing Layout – Lesson 7 – Learn to Design Your Own Boards

Newest Posts

How Much Current Will Destroy a PCB Track? | Track resistance measurements

Everything Important About OP AMP (Operational amplifier)

Powering Up Your Board From a Battery? You need to know this ...

Categories

BUSINESS ADDRESS