<div class="entry-content">
    <div class="jetpack-video-wrapper"><span class="embed-youtube" style="text-align:center; display: block;"><iframe
                class="youtube-player"
                src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/IuKfJN27w_g?version=3&rel=1&showsearch=0&showinfo=1&iv_load_policy=1&fs=1&hl=en&autohide=2&wmode=transparent"
                allowfullscreen="true"
                style="border: 0px; display: block; margin: 0px; width: 740px; height: 416.418px;"
                sandbox="allow-scripts allow-same-origin allow-popups allow-presentation"
                data-ratio="0.5627272727272727" data-width="1100" data-height="619"></iframe></span>
    </div>
    <div class="blog-content">
Measuring and burning PCB tracks. 
    </div>
    
    <div class="blog-content-links">
        <div>
            Links:
        </div>
        <ul class="links-list">
            <li class="links-list-item"><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-bogatin-368860/">Eric's Linked In</a></li>
            <li class="links-list-item"><a href="https://youtu.be/LQ20GBonRmA">PCB Simulation vs. Real Board - DC Currents and Voltage drop</a></li>
            <li class="links-list-item"><a href="https://fedevel.com/courses">FEDEVEL Online courses</a></li>
        </ul>
    </div>  
</div>

How Much Current Will Destroy a PCB Track? | Track resistance measurements

<div class="entry-content">
    <div class="jetpack-video-wrapper"><span class="embed-youtube" style="text-align:center; display: block;"><iframe
                class="youtube-player"
                src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/UpFd6ubqTLI?version=3&rel=1&showsearch=0&showinfo=1&iv_load_policy=1&fs=1&hl=en&autohide=2&wmode=transparent"
                allowfullscreen="true"
                style="border: 0px; display: block; margin: 0px; width: 740px; height: 416.418px;"
                sandbox="allow-scripts allow-same-origin allow-popups allow-presentation"
                data-ratio="0.5627272727272727" data-width="1100" data-height="619"></iframe></span>
    </div>
    <div class="blog-content">
Op-amps explained: how they work and what are their important parameters. 
    </div>

  <div class="blog-content-chapters">
        <div>
            Chapters:
        </div>
        <ul class="chapters-list">
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">00:00</span><span class="chapters-text">What is this video about</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">00:29</span><span class="chapters-text">Why to use operational amplifier</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">02:21</span><span class="chapters-text">Ideal op amp</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">07:00</span><span class="chapters-text">How inverting op amp works</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">12:13</span><span class="chapters-text">How non-inverting op amp works</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">13:25</span><span class="chapters-text">Op amp working as a buffer</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">15:42</span><span class="chapters-text">Op amp working as a current reference</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">20:09</span><span class="chapters-text">Input offset voltage</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">28:15</span><span class="chapters-text">Input offset voltage simulation</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">30:50</span><span class="chapters-text">Input offset voltage measurement</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">35:04</span><span class="chapters-text">Input bias current</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">37:20</span><span class="chapters-text">Input bias current measurement</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">41:00</span><span class="chapters-text">Op-amp Bandwidth</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">43:59</span><span class="chapters-text">Op-amp Bandwidth measurement</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">48:50</span><span class="chapters-text">Op-amp Bandwidth simulation</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">50:23</span><span class="chapters-text">Operational amplifier slew rate</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">51:28</span><span class="chapters-text">Slew rate simulation</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">53:07</span><span class="chapters-text">Slew rate measurement</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">55:48</span><span class="chapters-text">Slew rate impact to sinusoidal output</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">1:00:28</span><span class="chapters-text">Op amp noise</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">1:07:38</span><span class="chapters-text">Op amp noise measurement</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">1:10:57</span><span class="chapters-text">Op amp noise simulation</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">1:15:36</span><span class="chapters-text">Input and output voltage swing</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">1:16:45</span><span class="chapters-text">Common mode range</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">1:19:14</span><span class="chapters-text">Common mode range simulation</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">1:20:04</span><span class="chapters-text">Common mode range measurement</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">1:22:31</span><span class="chapters-text">Op amp output range</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">1:28:17</span><span class="chapters-text">Op-amp stability</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">1:29:59</span><span class="chapters-text">Op-amp stability simulation</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">1:32:20</span><span class="chapters-text">Op-amp stability measurement</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">1:38:51</span><span class="chapters-text">pH Electrometer solution - practical example</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">1:46:19</span><span class="chapters-text">Measuring pH</span></li>
    </div>
    
    <div class="blog-content-links">
        <div>
            Links:
        </div>
        <ul class="links-list">
            <li class="links-list-item"><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/arthur-kay-a5201929/">Arthur´s LinkedIn</a></li>
            <li class="links-list-item"><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/zach-olson-vt/">Zach´s LinkedIn</a></li>
            <li class="links-list-item"><a href="https://fedevel.com/courses">FEDEVEL Online courses</a></li>
        </ul>
    </div>  
</div>

Everything Important About OP AMP (Operational amplifier)

<div class="entry-content">
    <div class="jetpack-video-wrapper"><span class="embed-youtube" style="text-align:center; display: block;"><iframe
                class="youtube-player"
                src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/pdzQ-kgLbFw?version=3&rel=1&showsearch=0&showinfo=1&iv_load_policy=1&fs=1&hl=en&autohide=2&wmode=transparent"
                allowfullscreen="true"
                style="border: 0px; display: block; margin: 0px; width: 740px; height: 416.418px;"
                sandbox="allow-scripts allow-same-origin allow-popups allow-presentation"
                data-ratio="0.5627272727272727" data-width="1100" data-height="619"></iframe></span>
    </div>
    <div class="blog-content">
This video includes explanation of battery charging and safety schematic circuits. 
    </div>
    

    <div class="blog-content-chapters">
        <div>
            Chapters:
        </div>
        <ul class="chapters-list">
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">00:00</span><span class="chapters-text">What is this video about</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">01:33</span><span class="chapters-text">Types of cells and batteries</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">05:43</span><span class="chapters-text">CID and PTC battery protection</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">08:44</span><span class="chapters-text">Prismatic cells</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">10:37</span><span class="chapters-text">Pouch cells</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">16:02</span><span class="chapters-text">Lithium Ion (Li-Ion)</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">17:28</span><span class="chapters-text">Peak charge and nominal voltage, end of discharge voltage</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">20:30</span><span class="chapters-text">Thermal runaway</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">22:32</span><span class="chapters-text">Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO4)</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">26:15</span><span class="chapters-text">Nickel Metal Hydride (NIHM)</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">29:23</span><span class="chapters-text">How cells are connected together</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">32:31</span><span class="chapters-text">Battery testing standards</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">36:38</span><span class="chapters-text">Battery safety circuit - Safety features</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">44:28</span><span class="chapters-text">Battery safety schematic circuit explained</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">55:31</span><span class="chapters-text">Safety circuit integrated in batteries, shipping and transport</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">1:06:04</span><span class="chapters-text">Battery charging schematic circuit explained</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">1:21:01</span><span class="chapters-text">Battery charging schematic circuit example 2</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">1:27:23</span><span class="chapters-text">About Alex</span></li>
            </span></li>
        </ul>
    </div>

    <div class="blog-content-links">
        <div>
            Links:
        </div>
        <ul class="links-list">
            <li class="links-list-item"><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/alex-norman-eetengineer/">Alex´ LinkedIn</a></li>
            <li class="links-list-item"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/@eetengineer">Alex´s Youtube</a></li>
            <li class="links-list-item"><a href="https://fedevel.com/courses">FEDEVEL Online courses</a></li>
        </ul>
    </div>  
</div>

Powering Up Your Board From a Battery? You need to know this ...

<div class="entry-content">
    <div class="jetpack-video-wrapper"><span class="embed-youtube" style="text-align:center; display: block;"><iframe
                class="youtube-player"
                src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Tt8X6_maj6c?version=3&rel=1&showsearch=0&showinfo=1&iv_load_policy=1&fs=1&hl=en&autohide=2&wmode=transparent"
                allowfullscreen="true"
                style="border: 0px; display: block; margin: 0px; width: 740px; height: 416.418px;"
                sandbox="allow-scripts allow-same-origin allow-popups allow-presentation"
                data-ratio="0.5627272727272727" data-width="1100" data-height="619"></iframe></span>
    </div>
    <div class="blog-content">
        When capacitor is an inductor …
    </div>
    <div class="blog-content-links">
        <div>
            Links:
        </div>
        <ul class="links-list">
            <li class="links-list-item"><a href="https://youtu.be/5Ca0Eah7eKI">Part 1: PCB Layout & Decoupling - Explained why it´s so complicated</a></li>
            <li class="links-list-item"><a href="https://youtu.be/Tt8X6_maj6c">Part 2: PCB Layout & Decoupling - Understanding Impedance</a></li>
            <li class="links-list-item"><a href="https://youtu.be/hZSOhVdzqZk">Part 3: PCB Layout & Decoupling - Measuring and Fixing</a></li>
            <li class="links-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikihow.com/Calculate-Impedance">Calculating Impedance Webpage</a></li>
            <li class="links-list-item"><a href="https://youtu.be/YLGrugmDvc0">Series Resonance in RLC Circuit</a></li>
        </ul>
    </div>   
</div>


PCB Layout & Decoupling – Understanding Impedance (Part 2)

<div class="entry-content">
    <div class="jetpack-video-wrapper"><span class="embed-youtube" style="text-align:center; display: block;"><iframe
                class="youtube-player"
                src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/C7-8nUU6e3E?version=3&rel=1&showsearch=0&showinfo=1&iv_load_policy=1&fs=1&hl=en&autohide=2&wmode=transparent"
                allowfullscreen="true"
                style="border: 0px; display: block; margin: 0px; width: 740px; height: 416.418px;"
                sandbox="allow-scripts allow-same-origin allow-popups allow-presentation"
                data-ratio="0.5627272727272727" data-width="1100" data-height="619"></iframe></span>
    </div>
    <div class="blog-content">
        Entire step-by-step PCB design process going through the schematic, layout, and routing of a 'barebones' STM32F4-based PCB including USB and a buck converter in KiCAD. All the way from schematic creation, through to four-layer PCB layout and routing, as well as sending it off for manufacture and assembly via JLCPCB.<br><br>

This is an update from the original 'KiCad STM32 Hardware Design' video, including some additional tips and tricks, as well as a show of various assembled boards made by JLCPCB. Hopefully with much improved audio quality!
    </div>
    <div class="blog-content-chapters">
        <div>
            Chapters:
        </div>
        <ul class="chapters-list">
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">00:00</span><span class="chapters-text">Introduction</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">00:14</span><span class="chapters-text">Topics covered</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">00:31</span><span class="chapters-text">JLCPCB assembly showcase</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">00:58</span><span class="chapters-text">Parts used in design (JLCPB parts library)</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">03:28</span><span class="chapters-text">STM32 pin assignment in STM32CubeMX</span></li>
        </ul>
        <div>
            Chapters schematic:
        </div>
        <ul class="chapters-list">
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">09:43</span><span class="chapters-text">KiCad project and schematic</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">10:06</span><span class="chapters-text">Schematic page settings</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">10:53</span><span class="chapters-text">Adding STM32F405 to schematic</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">12:10</span><span class="chapters-text">STM32 power pins</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">14:14</span><span class="chapters-text">Labelling pins/global labels</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">14:57</span><span class="chapters-text">VCAP pins</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">16:37</span><span class="chapters-text">NRST and BOOT0 pins, Bootmodes</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">20:24</span><span class="chapters-text">Transferring assignments from CubeMX to KiCad</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">23:58</span><span class="chapters-text">'No connect' flags</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">24:48</span><span class="chapters-text">Decoupling capacitors</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">26:10</span><span class="chapters-text">VDDA pin decoupling</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">27:54</span><span class="chapters-text">Crystal circuitry (HSE)</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">37:15</span><span class="chapters-text">LED and current limiting resistor</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">39:26</span><span class="chapters-text">Buck converter circuitry (+ fusing, reverse polarity protection)</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">56:15</span><span class="chapters-text">Connectors (SWD, I2C, UART)</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">1:02:40</span><span class="chapters-text">USB</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">1:11:09</span><span class="chapters-text">Electrical rules checker (ERC)</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">1:12:55</span><span class="chapters-text">Mounting holes</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">1:13:45</span><span class="chapters-text">Assigning footprints to symbols</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">1:24:36</span><span class="chapters-text">Generating the netlist</span></li>
        </ul>
        <div>
            Chapters layout:
        </div>
        <ul class="chapters-list">
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">1:24:55</span><span class="chapters-text">Choosing the number of PCB layers</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">1:26:11</span><span class="chapters-text">Design rules</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">1:27:26</span><span class="chapters-text">Rough layout (section by section)</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">1:35:09</span><span class="chapters-text">Improving the layout, finer details</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">1:53:17</span><span class="chapters-text">Mounting hole placement</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">1:55:10</span><span class="chapters-text">Board outline and rounded corners</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">1:57:40</span><span class="chapters-text">Rearranging connectors</span></li>
        </ul>
        <div>
            Chapters routing:
        </div>
        <ul class="chapters-list">
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">2:00:19</span><span class="chapters-text">Adding track widths</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">2:00:55</span><span class="chapters-text">Power and ground planes (copper pours)</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">2:03:10</span><span class="chapters-text">STM32 routing (critical items first)</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">2:04:41</span><span class="chapters-text">Tombstoning</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">2:05:55</span><span class="chapters-text">Track spacing</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">2:08:49</span><span class="chapters-text">Buck converter routing</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">2:10:00</span><span class="chapters-text">Track width calculator</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">2:12:39</span><span class="chapters-text">USB controlled impedance differential traces</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">2:13:08</span><span class="chapters-text">JLCPCB impedance calculator</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">2:16:09</span><span class="chapters-text">Connecting GND and 3V3 (with vias to internal copper pours)</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">2:28:00</span><span class="chapters-text">Design rules check (DRC)</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">2:28:50</span><span class="chapters-text">Silkscreen (labelling, pin 1 indication, polarity indication)</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">2:36:10</span><span class="chapters-text">Importing custom graphics as silkscreen</span></li>
        </ul>
        <div>
            Chapters manufacturing and assembly:
        </div>
        <ul class="chapters-list">
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">2:36:55</span><span class="chapters-text">Hiding JLCPCB order number</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">2:37:42</span><span class="chapters-text">Adding tooling holes for assembly</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">2:39:10</span><span class="chapters-text">Generating Gerber and drill files</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">2:40:27</span><span class="chapters-text">Footprint position file</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">2:41:34</span><span class="chapters-text">Bill of materials (BOM) and assigning part numbers (LCSC)</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">2:44:32</span><span class="chapters-text">Ordering PCBs via JLCPCB with assembly</span></li>
        </ul>
    </div>
    <div class="blog-content-links">
        <div>
            Links:
        </div>
        <ul class="links-list">
            <li class="links-list-item"><a href="https://github.com/pms67/STM32F4-Reference-PCB">Github - pms67/STM32F4-Reference-PCB</a></li>

            <li class="links-list-item"><a href="https://fedevel.com/courses">FEDEVEL courses</a></li>
        </ul>
    </div>  
</div>

KiCad STM32 + USB + Buck Converter PCB Design and JLCPCB Assembly (Update) - Phil's Lab #11

<div class="entry-content">
    <div class="jetpack-video-wrapper"><span class="embed-youtube" style="text-align:center; display: block;"><iframe
                class="youtube-player"
                src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/4nEd1jTTIUQ?version=3&rel=1&showsearch=0&showinfo=1&iv_load_policy=1&fs=1&hl=en&autohide=2&wmode=transparent"
                allowfullscreen="true"
                style="border: 0px; display: block; margin: 0px; width: 740px; height: 416.418px;"
                sandbox="allow-scripts allow-same-origin allow-popups allow-presentation"
                data-ratio="0.5627272727272727" data-width="1100" data-height="619"></iframe></span>
    </div>
    <div class="blog-content">
        I always wanted to see if for higher frequencies currents really flow under signals. And, here it is …
    </div>
    <div class="blog-content-links">
        <div>
            Links:
        </div>
        <ul class="links-list">
            <li class="links-list-item"><a href="https://github.com/FEDEVEL/youtube-current-return-path">Download Altium & Simulation files</a></li>
        </ul>
    </div>   
</div>


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