<div class="entry-content">
    <div class="jetpack-video-wrapper"><span class="embed-youtube" style="text-align:center; display: block;"><iframe
                class="youtube-player"
                src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/IuKfJN27w_g?version=3&rel=1&showsearch=0&showinfo=1&iv_load_policy=1&fs=1&hl=en&autohide=2&wmode=transparent"
                allowfullscreen="true"
                style="border: 0px; display: block; margin: 0px; width: 740px; height: 416.418px;"
                sandbox="allow-scripts allow-same-origin allow-popups allow-presentation"
                data-ratio="0.5627272727272727" data-width="1100" data-height="619"></iframe></span>
    </div>
    <div class="blog-content">
Measuring and burning PCB tracks. 
    </div>
    
    <div class="blog-content-links">
        <div>
            Links:
        </div>
        <ul class="links-list">
            <li class="links-list-item"><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-bogatin-368860/">Eric's Linked In</a></li>
            <li class="links-list-item"><a href="https://youtu.be/LQ20GBonRmA">PCB Simulation vs. Real Board - DC Currents and Voltage drop</a></li>
            <li class="links-list-item"><a href="https://fedevel.com/courses">FEDEVEL Online courses</a></li>
        </ul>
    </div>  
</div>

How Much Current Will Destroy a PCB Track? | Track resistance measurements

<div class="entry-content">
    <div class="jetpack-video-wrapper"><span class="embed-youtube" style="text-align:center; display: block;"><iframe
                class="youtube-player"
                src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/UpFd6ubqTLI?version=3&rel=1&showsearch=0&showinfo=1&iv_load_policy=1&fs=1&hl=en&autohide=2&wmode=transparent"
                allowfullscreen="true"
                style="border: 0px; display: block; margin: 0px; width: 740px; height: 416.418px;"
                sandbox="allow-scripts allow-same-origin allow-popups allow-presentation"
                data-ratio="0.5627272727272727" data-width="1100" data-height="619"></iframe></span>
    </div>
    <div class="blog-content">
Op-amps explained: how they work and what are their important parameters. 
    </div>

  <div class="blog-content-chapters">
        <div>
            Chapters:
        </div>
        <ul class="chapters-list">
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">00:00</span><span class="chapters-text">What is this video about</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">00:29</span><span class="chapters-text">Why to use operational amplifier</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">02:21</span><span class="chapters-text">Ideal op amp</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">07:00</span><span class="chapters-text">How inverting op amp works</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">12:13</span><span class="chapters-text">How non-inverting op amp works</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">13:25</span><span class="chapters-text">Op amp working as a buffer</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">15:42</span><span class="chapters-text">Op amp working as a current reference</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">20:09</span><span class="chapters-text">Input offset voltage</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">28:15</span><span class="chapters-text">Input offset voltage simulation</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">30:50</span><span class="chapters-text">Input offset voltage measurement</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">35:04</span><span class="chapters-text">Input bias current</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">37:20</span><span class="chapters-text">Input bias current measurement</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">41:00</span><span class="chapters-text">Op-amp Bandwidth</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">43:59</span><span class="chapters-text">Op-amp Bandwidth measurement</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">48:50</span><span class="chapters-text">Op-amp Bandwidth simulation</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">50:23</span><span class="chapters-text">Operational amplifier slew rate</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">51:28</span><span class="chapters-text">Slew rate simulation</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">53:07</span><span class="chapters-text">Slew rate measurement</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">55:48</span><span class="chapters-text">Slew rate impact to sinusoidal output</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">1:00:28</span><span class="chapters-text">Op amp noise</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">1:07:38</span><span class="chapters-text">Op amp noise measurement</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">1:10:57</span><span class="chapters-text">Op amp noise simulation</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">1:15:36</span><span class="chapters-text">Input and output voltage swing</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">1:16:45</span><span class="chapters-text">Common mode range</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">1:19:14</span><span class="chapters-text">Common mode range simulation</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">1:20:04</span><span class="chapters-text">Common mode range measurement</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">1:22:31</span><span class="chapters-text">Op amp output range</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">1:28:17</span><span class="chapters-text">Op-amp stability</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">1:29:59</span><span class="chapters-text">Op-amp stability simulation</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">1:32:20</span><span class="chapters-text">Op-amp stability measurement</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">1:38:51</span><span class="chapters-text">pH Electrometer solution - practical example</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">1:46:19</span><span class="chapters-text">Measuring pH</span></li>
    </div>
    
    <div class="blog-content-links">
        <div>
            Links:
        </div>
        <ul class="links-list">
            <li class="links-list-item"><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/arthur-kay-a5201929/">Arthur´s LinkedIn</a></li>
            <li class="links-list-item"><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/zach-olson-vt/">Zach´s LinkedIn</a></li>
            <li class="links-list-item"><a href="https://fedevel.com/courses">FEDEVEL Online courses</a></li>
        </ul>
    </div>  
</div>

Everything Important About OP AMP (Operational amplifier)

<div class="entry-content">
    <div class="jetpack-video-wrapper"><span class="embed-youtube" style="text-align:center; display: block;"><iframe
                class="youtube-player"
                src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/pdzQ-kgLbFw?version=3&rel=1&showsearch=0&showinfo=1&iv_load_policy=1&fs=1&hl=en&autohide=2&wmode=transparent"
                allowfullscreen="true"
                style="border: 0px; display: block; margin: 0px; width: 740px; height: 416.418px;"
                sandbox="allow-scripts allow-same-origin allow-popups allow-presentation"
                data-ratio="0.5627272727272727" data-width="1100" data-height="619"></iframe></span>
    </div>
    <div class="blog-content">
This video includes explanation of battery charging and safety schematic circuits. 
    </div>
    

    <div class="blog-content-chapters">
        <div>
            Chapters:
        </div>
        <ul class="chapters-list">
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">00:00</span><span class="chapters-text">What is this video about</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">01:33</span><span class="chapters-text">Types of cells and batteries</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">05:43</span><span class="chapters-text">CID and PTC battery protection</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">08:44</span><span class="chapters-text">Prismatic cells</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">10:37</span><span class="chapters-text">Pouch cells</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">16:02</span><span class="chapters-text">Lithium Ion (Li-Ion)</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">17:28</span><span class="chapters-text">Peak charge and nominal voltage, end of discharge voltage</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">20:30</span><span class="chapters-text">Thermal runaway</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">22:32</span><span class="chapters-text">Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO4)</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">26:15</span><span class="chapters-text">Nickel Metal Hydride (NIHM)</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">29:23</span><span class="chapters-text">How cells are connected together</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">32:31</span><span class="chapters-text">Battery testing standards</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">36:38</span><span class="chapters-text">Battery safety circuit - Safety features</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">44:28</span><span class="chapters-text">Battery safety schematic circuit explained</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">55:31</span><span class="chapters-text">Safety circuit integrated in batteries, shipping and transport</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">1:06:04</span><span class="chapters-text">Battery charging schematic circuit explained</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">1:21:01</span><span class="chapters-text">Battery charging schematic circuit example 2</span></li>
            <li class="chapters-list-item"><span class="chapters-time">1:27:23</span><span class="chapters-text">About Alex</span></li>
            </span></li>
        </ul>
    </div>

    <div class="blog-content-links">
        <div>
            Links:
        </div>
        <ul class="links-list">
            <li class="links-list-item"><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/alex-norman-eetengineer/">Alex´ LinkedIn</a></li>
            <li class="links-list-item"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/@eetengineer">Alex´s Youtube</a></li>
            <li class="links-list-item"><a href="https://fedevel.com/courses">FEDEVEL Online courses</a></li>
        </ul>
    </div>  
</div>

Powering Up Your Board From a Battery? You need to know this ...

<div class="entry-content">
    <div class="blog-content">
        The x86 use often three chip solution, but it’s not a rule. Mobile platforms many time use only two chips. The chips used to be known as CPU (to support different CPU speeds and models), North Bridge (mostly memory interface + graphic interface or graphics), South Bridge (peripherals). These days manufacturers use different names such GMCH, SCH, PCH, … <br><br>

        <i>Picture: <a href="http://www.intel.com/p/en_US/embedded/hwsw/hardware/atom-n270/overview">Intel N270</a> (Three chips) / <a href="http://www.intel.com/p/en_US/embedded/hwsw/hardware/atom-z5xx/overview">Intel ATOM Z5xx</a> / <a href="http://ark.intel.com/Product.aspx?id=52213">Intel CORE i7</a></i>
    </div>

    <div class="blog-content-img-wrapper">
        <img src="https://assets.fedevel.com/blog/2019/10/9db6d-intel_n270_arch1.jpg" alt="Intel N270" />
    </div>
    <div class="blog-content-img-wrapper">
        <img src="https://assets.fedevel.com/blog/2019/10/0be04-intel_atom_arch1.jpg" alt="Intel ATOM Z5xx" />
    </div>
    <div class="blog-content-img-wrapper">
        <img src="https://assets.fedevel.com/blog/2019/10/0cb53-intel_i7_arch1.jpg" alt="Intel Core i7" />
    </div>

    <div class="blog-content-text">
       <b>Power sequencing</b><br>
       x86 boards support <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Configuration_and_Power_Interface">several power states</a>. The most well know are:
       <ul class="content-list">
            <li class="content-list-item"><span class="content-text">S0 – Board is ON</span></li>
            <li class="content-list-item"><span class="content-text">S3 – Board is in Sleep (when you close your laptop, without shutting down)</span></li>
            <li class="content-list-item"><span class="content-text">S5 – Board is OFF, but can be switched pressing Power button</span></li>
            <li class="content-list-item"><span class="content-text">G3 – Disconnected from Main power</span></li>
        </ul>
        Power rails are split into several power domains: by voltage (+5V, +3.3V, …) and by power state (S0, S3, …). For example +3.3V rail is split into: +V3.3A (Always ON or also know as S5), +V3.3 (S3) and +V3.3S (S0).<br><br>

        More about power states: see <a href="http://www.acpi.info/DOWNLOADS/ACPIspec40a.pdf">ACPI specification</a><br><br>

        Power sequencing is controlled by South Bridge. Mobile platforms use a <a href="https://www.intelcommsalliance.com/kshowcase/view/view_item/4ddd1dbe78eb6b235cc4f07eabb79ae562ae690e">Embedded controller</a> instead. The embedded controller integrates often also other features – keyboard interface, volume control, ambient light sensor for automatic display backlight control, …
    </div>

    
    <div class="blog-content-text">
        <b>High Currents & High Heat</b><br>
        When designing a x86 board, it’s important to know how a lot of heat will be taken away. Power supplies are designed to support currents up to tens of Amps. PCB layout has to take this into consideration and wide tracks / planes + multiple VIAs are required for power tracks.
     </div>

     
    <div class="blog-content-text">
        <b>BIOS</b><br>
        BIOS development is one of the key parts of x86 board development. It’s done by BIOS companies (<a href="http://www.phoenix.com/">Phoenix</a> (Award), <a href="http://www.insydesw.com/home">Insyde</a>, … ) or by BIOS developers (they own a licence to source code of BIOS). Basic BIOS binaries are provided together with development platform, but must be customized based on the new board design. BIOS customization may easily cost around $900 per day.<br><br>

        Manufacturers of peripheral chips provide binaries for BIOS e.g Video BIOS, Ethernet BIOS (to support booting over Ethernet …), SATA BIOS (to support RAIDS …).<br><br>

        Open source BIOSes are also available – for example <a href="http://www.coreboot.org/Welcome_to_coreboot">Coreboot</a> (formerly known as LinuxBIOS)<br><br>

        A replacement for the older BIOS has been developed. The replacemnt is known as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified_Extensible_Firmware_Interface">UEFI</a> and is supported by several big manufacturers such Intel, AMD, IBM …
     </div>

     
    <div class="blog-content-text">
        <b>Booting</b><br>
        Initially, BIOS is executed directly from BIOS FLASH memory. Once system memory has been initialized (together with some other code),  the BIOS starts running from DDR.
     </div>

     
    <div class="blog-content-text">
        <b>BIOS Debugging</b><br>
        Before video interface is initialized, a serial console or JTAG can be used to debug BIOS. Standard BIOS diagnostic output is called <a href="http://www.postcodemaster.com/">POST code</a>. This code differentiate between manufacturers. BIOS POST code is a two/four digits hex value written by BIOS software on port 0x80. For easier diagnostic, this code can be read by <a href="http://www.google.sk/search?hl=en&client=firefox-a&hs=o0H&rls=org.mozilla%3Aen-GB%3Aofficial&biw=1440&bih=635&tbm=isch&sa=1&q=POST+Diagnostic+card&aq=f&aqi=g1&aql=&oq=">POST code diagnostic cards</a>.<br><br>

        Do you have any questions or you think something else is also important? Leave a comment.
     </div>

   
    <div class="blog-content-links">
        <div>
            Links:
        </div>
        <ul class="links-list">
            <li class="links-list-item"><a href="http://www.intel.com/p/en_US/embedded/hwsw/hardware/atom-n270/overview">Intel N270</a></li>
            <li class="links-list-item"><a href="http://www.intel.com/p/en_US/embedded/hwsw/hardware/atom-z5xx/overview">Intel ATOM Z5xx</a></li>
            <li class="links-list-item"><a href="http://ark.intel.com/Product.aspx?id=52213">Intel CORE i7</a></li>
            <li class="links-list-item"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Configuration_and_Power_Interface">Several power states</a></li>
            <li class="links-list-item"><a href="http://www.acpi.info/DOWNLOADS/ACPIspec40a.pdf">ACPI specification</a></li>
            <li class="links-list-item"><a href="https://www.intelcommsalliance.com/kshowcase/view/view_item/4ddd1dbe78eb6b235cc4f07eabb79ae562ae690e">Embedded controller</a></li>
            <li class="links-list-item"><a href="http://www.phoenix.com/">Phoenix</a></li>
            <li class="links-list-item"><a href="http://www.insydesw.com/home">Insyde</a></li>
            <li class="links-list-item"><a href="http://www.coreboot.org/Welcome_to_coreboot">Coreboot</a></li>
            <li class="links-list-item"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified_Extensible_Firmware_Interface">UEFI</a></li>
            <li class="links-list-item"><a href="http://www.postcodemaster.com/">POST code</a></li>
            <li class="links-list-item"><a href="http://www.google.sk/search?hl=en&client=firefox-a&hs=o0H&rls=org.mozilla%3Aen-GB%3Aofficial&biw=1440&bih=635&tbm=isch&sa=1&q=POST+Diagnostic+card&aq=f&aqi=g1&aql=&oq=">POST code diagnostic cards</a></li>
        </ul>
    </div>  
</div>

x86 Hardware design – What everyone should know

<div class="entry-content">
    <div class="blog-content">
        The best high speed design tutorial for PCB layout in Altium Designer what I have found. It’s worth to have a look.<br><br>

        <i><b>High-Speed Digital Board Design with Altium Designer</b> by Istvan Nagy, Electronics Design Engineer, Blue Chip Technology. (<a href="https://assets.fedevel.com/blog/downloads/HiSpeedDesignTutorialforAltiumDesigner.pdf" target="_blank">download pdf here</a>)<br><br>

        Picture: A page from the tutorial</i>
    </div>

    <div class="blog-content-img-wrapper">
        <img src="https://assets.fedevel.com/blog/2019/10/0c528-altium_designer_high_speed_tutorial.jpg" alt="altium_designer_high_speed_tutorial" />
    </div>

   
    <div class="blog-content-links">
        <div>
            Links:
        </div>
        <ul class="links-list">
            <li class="links-list-item"><a href="https://assets.fedevel.com/blog/downloads/HiSpeedDesignTutorialforAltiumDesigner.pdf" target="_blank">High-Speed Digital Board Design with Altium Designer - PDF file</a></li>
        </ul>
    </div>  
</div>

Altium Designer – High Speed Design Tutorial

<div class="entry-content">
    <div class="jetpack-video-wrapper"><span class="embed-youtube" style="text-align:center; display: block;"><iframe
        class="youtube-player"
        src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/IFLviz722ws?version=3&rel=1&showsearch=0&showinfo=1&iv_load_policy=1&fs=1&hl=en&autohide=2&wmode=transparent"
        allowfullscreen="true"
        style="border: 0px; display: block; margin: 0px; width: 740px; height: 416.418px;"
        sandbox="allow-scripts allow-same-origin allow-popups allow-presentation"
        data-ratio="0.5627272727272727" data-width="1100" data-height="619"></iframe></span>
    </div>

    <div class="blog-content">
        This video tutorial shows how I use micro VIA and  blind VIA in Altium Designer during PCB layout (HDI PCB Technology).
    </div>

    <div class="jetpack-video-wrapper"><span class="embed-youtube" style="text-align:center; display: block;"><iframe
        class="youtube-player"
        src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/OaefGeQrRkA?version=3&rel=1&showsearch=0&showinfo=1&iv_load_policy=1&fs=1&hl=en&autohide=2&wmode=transparent"
        allowfullscreen="true"
        style="border: 0px; display: block; margin: 0px; width: 740px; height: 416.418px;"
        sandbox="allow-scripts allow-same-origin allow-popups allow-presentation"
        data-ratio="0.5627272727272727" data-width="1100" data-height="619"></iframe></span>
    </div>



    <div class="blog-content-text">
       <b><span style="color:#ff0000;">Updated:</span></b> Have a look also on the following video created
            by <a href="http://www.youtube.com/user/elektroniskorg">Elektroniskorg</a>. The video explains how to configure
            Altium Designer Rules for automatic VIA selection during interactive routing. Thank you for a great tutorial.
    </div>

   
    <div class="blog-content-links">
        <div>
            Links:
        </div>
        <ul class="links-list">
            <li class="links-list-item"><a href="http://www.youtube.com/user/elektroniskorg">Elektroniskorg</a></li>
        </ul>
    </div>  
</div>

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How Much Current Will Destroy a PCB Track? | Track resistance measurements

Everything Important About OP AMP (Operational amplifier)

Powering Up Your Board From a Battery? You need to know this ...

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